<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ophthalmology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Офтальмология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Ophthalmology in Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1816-5095</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-0845</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Ophthalmology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18008/1816-5095-2020-4-669-675</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ophthalmology-1355</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Современная роль и перспективы электрофизиологических методов исследования в офтальмологии. Обзор литературы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Current Role and Prospects of Electrophysiological Research Methods in Ophthalmology. Literature Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9569-5906</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Казайкин</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kazajkin</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, заведующий витреоретинальным отделением,</p><p>ул. Академика Бардина, 4а, Екатеринбург, 620149</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, head of vitreoretinal department,</p><p>A. Bardin str., 4A, Ekaterinburg, 620149</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2353-9610</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пономарев</surname><given-names>В. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ponomarev</surname><given-names>V. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-офтальмохирург, заведующий диагностическим отделением,</p><p>ул. Академика Бардина, 4а, Екатеринбург, 620149</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>surgeon, head of diagnostic department,</p><p>A. Bardin str., 4A, Ekaterinburg, 620149</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7019-3002</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лизунов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lizunov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-офтальмолог,</p><p>ул. Академика Бардина, 4а, Екатеринбург, 620149</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>ophthalmologist,</p><p>A. Bardin str., 4A, Ekaterinburg, 620149</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4725-3681</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жданов</surname><given-names>А. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhdanov</surname><given-names>A. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант и ассистент Института радиоэлектроники и информационных техно‑ логий (ИРИТ-РТФ) УрФУ,</p><p>ул. Мира, 32, Екатеринбург, 620078</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate and assistant at the Engineering school of information technologies, telecommunications and control systems,</p><p>Mira str., 32, Ekaterinburg, 620078</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2318-9144</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Долганов</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolganov</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, доцент и младший научный сотрудник Института радиоэлектроники и информационных технологий (ИРИТ-РТФ) УрФУ,</p><p>ул. Мира, 32, Екатеринбург, 620078</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD of Engineering Sciences, Associate Professor and junior researcher at the Engineering school of information technologies, telecommunications and control systems,</p><p>Mira str., 32, Ekaterinburg, 620078</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0486-7552</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борисов</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Borisov</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, доцент Института радиоэлектроники и информаци‑ онных технологий (ИРИТ-РТФ) УрФУ,</p><p>ул. Мира, 32, Екатеринбург, 620078</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD. of Engineering Sciences, Associate Professor at the Engineering school of information technologies, telecommunications and control systems,</p><p>Mira str., 32, Ekaterinburg, 620078</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>АО «Екатеринбургский центр МНТК “Микрохирургия глаза” им. академика С.Н. Федорова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ekaterinburg Eye Microsurgery Center</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>АО «Екатеринбургский центр МНТК “Микрохирургия глаза” им. академика С.Н. Федорова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Eye Microsurgery Ekaterinburg Center</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Уральский федеральный университет имени первого Президента России Б.Н. Ельцина»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>669</fpage><lpage>675</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Казайкин В.Н., Пономарев В.О., Лизунов А.В., Жданов А.Е., Долганов А.Ю., Борисов В.И., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Казайкин В.Н., Пономарев В.О., Лизунов А.В., Жданов А.Е., Долганов А.Ю., Борисов В.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kazajkin V.N., Ponomarev V.O., Lizunov A.V., Zhdanov A.E., Dolganov A.Y., Borisov V.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ophthalmojournal.com/opht/article/view/1355">https://www.ophthalmojournal.com/opht/article/view/1355</self-uri><abstract><p>Электрофизиологическое исследование (ЭФИ) в настоящее время остается важным методом объективной оценки функционального состояния компонентов зрительного анализатора. Существующие методы, способные объективно оценивать структурно-анатомическую целостность сетчатки, например оптическая когерентная томография (ОКТ), могут лишь косвенно отразить ее функциональную активность. Несомненным преимуществом ЭФИ является возможность, исключив фактор субъективности испытуемого, производить функциональную топографическую оценку нарушений работы всех систем зрительного анализатора. Частная электрофизиология органа зрения представлена множеством методов регистрации электробиологической активности клеток зрительного анализатора: электроретинография (ЭРГ), электроокулография (ЭОГ), зрительно вызванные потенциалы (ЗВП), мультифокальная электроретинография (мфЭРГ), притом каждый метод направлен на оценку отдельной части зрительного анализатора, поэтому для полноты картины, в частности в исследовательских работах на животных моделях, могут использоваться несколько методик. В целом ограничением использования ЭФИ является его трудоемкость и множество конфаундерных факторов, способных влиять на конечный результат, начиная от параметров стимуляции и, заканчивая состоянием самого пациента. При этом основной областью перспективного использования электрофизиологического исследования является дифференциальная диагностика, доклиническая токсикология и научно-экспериментальные модели. Однако в последние десятилетия активное внедрение способов регистрации, в том числе появление мультифокальной электроретинографии, а также изменения условий проведения электрофизиологического исследования открывают новые возможности к будущей эволюции метода. Классические методы оценки данных ЭФИ с учетом роста потока данных не дают подробную качественную и количественную информацию о состоянии зрительного анализатора. Увеличение потока информации, получаемой при анализе электрических откликов сетчатки, оставляет возможность и необходимость для изучения, оптимизации и алгоритмизации с целью анализа дифференцированных критериев, присущих конкретной глазной патологии. Для ЭФИ необходимы более простые и адаптированные для клинической практики протоколы, позволяющие строго дифференцированно подходить к мельчайшим анатомическим и функциональным изменениям с использованием открытых баз данных и современной адаптации на основе искусственного интеллекта.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Electrophysiological research today remains an important method for the objective assessment of the functional state of the components of the visual analyzer.</p><p>There are methods, for example, OCT, that can objectively assess the structural and anatomical integrity of the retina, however, only indirectly shows functional activity. The undoubted advantage of EFR is the ability, excluding the subjectivity of the subject, to perform a functional topographic assessment of the malfunction of all systems of the visual analyzer. Private electrophysiology of the vision organ is represented by a variety of methods for recording the electrobiological activity of the cells of the visual analyzer: ERG, EOG, VEP, mfERG (multifocal electroretinography), and each option is directed to a separate part of it, therefore, to complete the picture, in particular in research works on animal models may use several techniques. In general, the limitation of EFR is its complexity and many confounding factors that can affect the result, ranging from stimulation parameters to the state of the patient himself. At the same time, the main area of prospective use of electrophysiological research is differential diagnosis, preclinical toxicology and scientific and experimental models. However, in recent decades, the active introduction of registration methods, including the appearance of multifocal electroretinography, as well as changes in the conditions of electrophysiological studies, open up new possibilities for the future evolution of the method. Classical methods for evaluating EFR data, taking into account the growth of data flow, do not provide detailed qualitative and quantitative information about the state of the visual analyzer. This leaves the possibility and the need for the study, optimization and algorithmization of the assessment data of the differentiated criteria inherent for a particular ocular pathology. EFRs require simpler and more adapted protocols for clinical practice, allowing a strictly differentiated approach to the smallest anatomical and functional changes, based on open databases and modern adaptation based on artificial intelligence. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>электрофизиологическое исследование</kwd><kwd>электроретинография</kwd><kwd>зрительные вызванные потенциалы</kwd><kwd>электроокулография</kwd><kwd>интравитреальные инъекции</kwd><kwd>токсикология</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>toxicology</kwd><kwd>electrophysiological research</kwd><kwd>electroretinography</kwd><kwd>visual evoked potentials</kwd><kwd>electrooculography</kwd><kwd>intravitreal injection</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fercher A.F., Hitzenberger C.K., Drexler W., Kamp G., Sattmann, H. In Vivo Optical Coherence Tomography. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1993;116(1):113– 114. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9394(14)71762-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fercher A.F., Hitzenberger C.K., Drexler W., Kamp G., Sattmann, H. In Vivo Optical Coherence Tomography. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1993;116(1):113– 114. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9394(14)71762-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hee M.R. Optical coherence tomography of age-related macular degeneration and choroidal neovascularization. Ophthalmology. 1996;103:1260–1270.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hee M.R. Optical coherence tomography of age-related macular degeneration and choroidal neovascularization. Ophthalmology. 1996;103:1260–1270.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Granit R. The components of the retinal action potential in mammals and their relation to the discharge in the optic nerve. J Physiol. 1933;77:207–239.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Granit R. The components of the retinal action potential in mammals and their relation to the discharge in the optic nerve. J Physiol. 1933;77:207–239.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ohno Y. Interlaboratory validation of the in vitro eye irritation tests for cosmetic ingredients. (1) Overview of the validation study and Draize scores for the evaluation of the tests. Toxicology in Vitro. 1999;13(1):73–98.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ohno Y. Interlaboratory validation of the in vitro eye irritation tests for cosmetic ingredients. (1) Overview of the validation study and Draize scores for the evaluation of the tests. Toxicology in Vitro. 1999;13(1):73–98.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Казайкин В.Н., Пономарев В.О., Тахчиди Х.П. Современные аспекты лечения острых бактериальных послеоперационных эндофтальмитов. Офтальмология. 2017;14(1):12–17. DOI: 10.18008/1816-5095-2017-1-12-17</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kazajkin V.N., Ponomarev V.O., Takhchidi H.P. Modern Aspects of the Treatment of Acute Bacterial Postoperative Endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology in Russia  = Oftal’mologiya. 2017;14(1):12–17 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.18008/1816-5095-2017-1-12-17</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peyman G.A., Lad E.M., Moshfeghi D.M. Intravitreal injection of therapeutic agents. Retina. 2009;29:7:875–912. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181a94f01</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peyman G.A., Lad E.M., Moshfeghi D.M. Intravitreal injection of therapeutic agents. Retina. 2009;29:7:875–912. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181a94f01</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shirao Y., Kawasaki K. Retinal Toxicology Study Using Electrophysiological Methods in Rabbits. In: Weisse I., Hockwin O., Green K., Tripathi R.C. (eds) Ocular Toxicology. Springer, Boston, MA. 1995;27–37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shirao Y., Kawasaki K. Retinal Toxicology Study Using Electrophysiological Methods in Rabbits. In: Weisse I., Hockwin O., Green K., Tripathi R.C. (eds) Ocular Toxicology. Springer, Boston, MA. 1995;27–37.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rosolen S.G., Kolomiets B., Varela O., Picaud S. Retinal electrophysiology for toxicology studies: applications and limits of ERG in animals and ex vivo recordings. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2008;60:17–32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rosolen S.G., Kolomiets B., Varela O., Picaud S. Retinal electrophysiology for toxicology studies: applications and limits of ERG in animals and ex vivo recordings. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2008;60:17–32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bee W.H., Korte R., Vogel F. Electroretinography in the Non-Human Primate as a Standardized Method in Toxicology. In: Weisse I., Hockwin O., Green K., Tripathi R.C. (eds). Ocular Toxicology. Springer, Boston, MA. 1995;53–61.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bee W.H., Korte R., Vogel F. Electroretinography in the Non-Human Primate as a Standardized Method in Toxicology. In: Weisse I., Hockwin O., Green K., Tripathi R.C. (eds). Ocular Toxicology. Springer, Boston, MA. 1995;53–61.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bach M., Brigell M.G., Hawlina M., Holder G.E., Johnson M.A., McCulloch D.L., Meigen T., Viswanathan S. ISCEV standard for clinical pattern electroretinography (PERG): 2012 update. Doc Ophthalmol. 2013;126:1–7. DOI: 10.1007/s10633-0129353-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bach M., Brigell M.G., Hawlina M., Holder G.E., Johnson M.A., McCulloch D.L., Meigen T., Viswanathan S. ISCEV standard for clinical pattern electroretinography (PERG): 2012 update. Doc Ophthalmol. 2013;126:1–7. DOI: 10.1007/s10633-0129353-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Constable P.A., Bach M., Frishman L.J., Jeffrey B.G., Robson A.G. International society for clinical electrophysiology of vision. ISCEV standard for clinical electrooculography. Doc Ophthalmol. 2017;134:1–9. DOI: 10.1007/s10633-017-9573-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Constable P.A., Bach M., Frishman L.J., Jeffrey B.G., Robson A.G. International society for clinical electrophysiology of vision. ISCEV standard for clinical electrooculography. Doc Ophthalmol. 2017;134:1–9. DOI: 10.1007/s10633-017-9573-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hood D.C., Bach M., Brigell M., Keating D., Kondo M., Lyons J.S., Marmor M.F., McCulloch D.L., Palmowski-Wolfe A.M. ISCEV standard for clinical multifocal electroretinography (mfЭРГ) (2011 edition) Doc Ophthalmol. 2012;124:1–13. DOI: 10.1007/s10633-011-9296-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hood D.C., Bach M., Brigell M., Keating D., Kondo M., Lyons J.S., Marmor M.F., McCulloch D.L., Palmowski-Wolfe A.M. ISCEV standard for clinical multifocal electroretinography (mfЭРГ) (2011 edition) Doc Ophthalmol. 2012;124:1–13. DOI: 10.1007/s10633-011-9296-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McCulloch D.L., Marmor M.F., Brigell M.G., Hamilton R., Holder G.E., Tzekov R., Bach M. ISCEV standard for full-field clinical electroretinography. Doc Ophthalmol. 2015;130:1–12. DOI: 10.1007/s10633-014-9473-19</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McCulloch D.L., Marmor M.F., Brigell M.G., Hamilton R., Holder G.E., Tzekov R., Bach M. ISCEV standard for full-field clinical electroretinography. Doc Ophthalmol. 2015;130:1–12. DOI: 10.1007/s10633-014-9473-19</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Odom J.V., Bach M., Brigell M., Holder G.E., McCulloch D.L., Mizota A., Tormene A.P. ISCEV standard for clinical visual evoked potentials. Doc Ophthalmol. 2016;133(1):1–9. DOI: 10.1007/s10633-016-9553-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Odom J.V., Bach M., Brigell M., Holder G.E., McCulloch D.L., Mizota A., Tormene A.P. ISCEV standard for clinical visual evoked potentials. Doc Ophthalmol. 2016;133(1):1–9. DOI: 10.1007/s10633-016-9553-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brown K.T. The electroretinogram: its components and their origins. Vision Res. 1968;8:633–677.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brown K.T. The electroretinogram: its components and their origins. Vision Res. 1968;8:633–677.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Favilla I., Barry W.R. Ocular electrophysiology: principles and clinical applications. Aust J Ophthalmol. 1981;9:163–167.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Favilla I., Barry W.R. Ocular electrophysiology: principles and clinical applications. Aust J Ophthalmol. 1981;9:163–167.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perlman I. Relationship between the amplitudes of the b-wave and the awave as a useful index for evaluating the electroretinogram. Br J Ophthalmol. 1983;67:443–448.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perlman I. Relationship between the amplitudes of the b-wave and the awave as a useful index for evaluating the electroretinogram. Br J Ophthalmol. 1983;67:443–448.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tomita T., Yanagida T. Origins of the ERG waves. Vision Res. 1981;21:1703–1707.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tomita T., Yanagida T. Origins of the ERG waves. Vision Res. 1981;21:1703–1707.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Borhani H., Peyman G.A., Wafapoor H. Use of vancomycin in vitrectomy infusion solution and evaluation of retinal toxicity. Int Ophthalmol. 1993;17(2):85–88. DOI: 10.1007/BF00942780</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borhani H., Peyman G.A., Wafapoor H. Use of vancomycin in vitrectomy infusion solution and evaluation of retinal toxicity. Int Ophthalmol. 1993;17(2):85–88. DOI: 10.1007/BF00942780</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sutter E.E. Noninvasive Testing Methods: Multifocal Electrophysiology. In: Dartt DA, editor. Encyclopedia of the Eye. Vol. 3. Oxford: Academic Press. 2010;142–160.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sutter E.E. Noninvasive Testing Methods: Multifocal Electrophysiology. In: Dartt DA, editor. Encyclopedia of the Eye. Vol. 3. Oxford: Academic Press. 2010;142–160.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hokazono K., Oyamada M.K., Monteiro M.L. Pattern-reversal electroretinograms for the diagnosis and management of disorders of the anterior visual pathway. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2011;74:222–226. DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27492011000300017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hokazono K., Oyamada M.K., Monteiro M.L. Pattern-reversal electroretinograms for the diagnosis and management of disorders of the anterior visual pathway. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2011;74:222–226. DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27492011000300017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Даниличева В.Ф. Современная офтальмология: Руководство. СПб.: 2009:688.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Danilicheva V.F. Modern Ophthalmology: A Guide. St. Petersburg: 2009:688 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maffei L., Fiorentini A., Bisti S., Hollander H. Pattern ERG in the monkey after section of the optic nerve. Exp Brain Res. 1985;59:423–425. DOI: 10.1007/BF00230925</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maffei L., Fiorentini A., Bisti S., Hollander H. Pattern ERG in the monkey after section of the optic nerve. Exp Brain Res. 1985;59:423–425. DOI: 10.1007/BF00230925</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Porciatti V., Saleh M., Nagaraju M. The pattern electroretinogram as a tool to monitor progressive retinal ganglion cell dysfunction in the DBA/2J mouse model of glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:745–751. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-0733</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Porciatti V., Saleh M., Nagaraju M. The pattern electroretinogram as a tool to monitor progressive retinal ganglion cell dysfunction in the DBA/2J mouse model of glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:745–751. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-0733</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marmor M.F., Kellner U., Lai T.Y., Lyons J.S., Mieler W.F. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Revised recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(2):415–422. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.11.017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marmor M.F., Kellner U., Lai T.Y., Lyons J.S., Mieler W.F. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Revised recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(2):415–422. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.11.017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Michaelides M., Stover N.B., Francis P.J., Weleber R.G. Retinal toxicity associated with hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: risk factors, screening, and progression despite cessation of therapy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011;129(1):30–39. DOI: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2010.321</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Michaelides M., Stover N.B., Francis P.J., Weleber R.G. Retinal toxicity associated with hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: risk factors, screening, and progression despite cessation of therapy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011;129(1):30–39. DOI: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2010.321</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Renner A.B., Kellner U., Tillack H., Kraus H., Foerster M.H. Recording of both VEP and multifocal ERG for evaluation of unexplained visual loss. Doc Ophthalmol. 2005;111:149–157. DOI: 10.1007/s10633-005-5362-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Renner A.B., Kellner U., Tillack H., Kraus H., Foerster M.H. Recording of both VEP and multifocal ERG for evaluation of unexplained visual loss. Doc Ophthalmol. 2005;111:149–157. DOI: 10.1007/s10633-005-5362-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Betsuin Y., Mashima Y., Ohde H., Inoue R., Oguchi Y. Clinical application of the multifocal VEPs. Curr Eye Res. 2001;22:54–63. DOI: 10.1076/ceyr.22.1.54.6982</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Betsuin Y., Mashima Y., Ohde H., Inoue R., Oguchi Y. Clinical application of the multifocal VEPs. Curr Eye Res. 2001;22:54–63. DOI: 10.1076/ceyr.22.1.54.6982</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klistorner A., Fraser C., Garrick R., Graham S., Arvind H. Correlation between full-field and multifocal VEPs in optic neuritis. Doc Ophthalmol. 2008;116:19–27. DOI: 10.1007/s10633-007-9072-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klistorner A., Fraser C., Garrick R., Graham S., Arvind H. Correlation between full-field and multifocal VEPs in optic neuritis. Doc Ophthalmol. 2008;116:19–27. DOI: 10.1007/s10633-007-9072-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zueva M.V., Tsapenko I.V., Kolosov O.S., Vershinin D.V., Korolenkova V.A., Pronin A.D. Assessment of the Amplitude-Frequency Characteristics of the Retina with Its Stimulation by Flicker and Chess Pattern-Reversed Incentives and their Use to Obtain New Formalized Signs of Retinal Pathologies. Biomed J Sci &amp; Tech Res. 2019;19(5):14575–14583 DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2019.19.003358</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zueva M.V., Tsapenko I.V., Kolosov O.S., Vershinin D.V., Korolenkova V.A., Pronin  A.D. Assessment of the Amplitude-Frequency Characteristics of the Retina with Its Stimulation by Flicker and Chess Pattern-Reversed Incentives and their Use to Obtain New Formalized Signs of Retinal Pathologies. Biomed J Sci &amp; Tech Res. 2019;19(5):14575–14583 DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2019.19.003358</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
