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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ophthalmology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Офтальмология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Ophthalmology in Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1816-5095</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-0845</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Ophthalmology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18008/1816-5095-2020-4-683-691</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ophthalmology-1358</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Современные проблемы антибиотикотерапии в офтальмологии и перспективные пути их решения. Обзор литературы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modern Problems of Antibiotic Therapy in Ophthalmology and the Perspective Ways of Solution. Literature Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2353-9610</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пономарев</surname><given-names>В. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ponomarev</surname><given-names>V. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-офтальмохирург, заведующий диагностическим отделением,</p><p>ул. Академика Бардина, 4а, Екатеринбург, 620149</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>head of diagnostic department,</p><p>A. Bardin str., 4A, Ekaterinburg, 620149</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9569-5906</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Казайкин</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kazaykin</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, врач-офтальмохирург, заведующий витреоретиналь‑ ным отделением,</p><p>ул. Академика Бардина, 4а, Екатеринбург, 620149</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, head of vitreoretinal department,</p><p>A. Bardin str., 4A, Ekaterinburg, 620149</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4973-529X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пономарев</surname><given-names>О. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ponomarev</surname><given-names>O. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор технических наук, заместитель генерального директора по НТР — главный конструктор,</p><p>ул. Гагарина, 28, Екатеринбург, 620078</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of technical sciences, deputy director,</p><p>Gagarin str., 28, Ekaterinburg, 620078</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>АО «Екатеринбургский центр МНТК “Микрохирургия глаза” им. академика С.Н. Федорова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ekaterinburg Center IRTC “Eye Microsurgery”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>АО «Екатеринбургский центр МНТК “Микрохирургия глаза” им. академика С.Н. Федорова»&#13;
Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ekaterinburg Center IRTC “Eye Microsurgery”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>АО «Уральское производственное предприятие “Вектор”»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ural Manufacturing Enterprise “Vector”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>683</fpage><lpage>691</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Пономарев В.О., Казайкин В.Н., Пономарев О.П., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пономарев В.О., Казайкин В.Н., Пономарев О.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ponomarev V.O., Kazaykin V.N., Ponomarev O.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ophthalmojournal.com/opht/article/view/1358">https://www.ophthalmojournal.com/opht/article/view/1358</self-uri><abstract><p>В настоящее время в человеческой популяции продолжает нарастать проблема взаимодействия между человеком и окружающим его микробиомом, которая выражается в так называемом кризисе антибиотикорезистентности. Микроорганизмы, являясь возбудителями инфекционных заболеваний, более не имеют гарантированных фармакологических барьеров, способных останавливать их размножение, а значит, продолжают уносить тысячи жизней ежегодно. Данное явление связано с множеством причин, таких как наличие у бактерий мобильных генетических элементов, выполняющих функцию горизонтального переноса генов, отвечающих за их устойчивость к антибиотикам. Мутационные микроэволюционные изменения в генотипе бактериальной клетки способны приводить к развитию неуправляемой полирезистентности. Совокупность микро- и макроэволюционных изменений во внешних признаках возбудителя детерминирует систему факторов агрессии, инвазии, защиты и приспособления. К другим факторам, провоцирующим антибиотикорезистентость, относятся злоупотребление антибиотиками и их самоназначение в периоды самолечения, назначение антибиотиков медицинскими работниками в виде субклинических доз, чрезмерно коротких курсов лечения, а иногда и при полном отсутствии показаний к терапии, экстенсивное применение антибиотиков в сельском хозяйстве. Ряд превентивных мер, которые могли бы существенно повлиять на кризис антибиотикорезистентности, активно прорабатывается на государственном уровне и включает в себя программы по сокращению свободного оборота антибиотиков, оптимизацию терапевтических режимов, улучшение диагностических мероприятий по верификации возбудителей, профилактику распространения инфекций, оптимизацию взаимодействия между фармакологическими компаниями и регистрационными организациями, стимуляцию инвестиций и частно-государственного партнерства и, конечно, международную инициативу в вопросах системного взаимодействия. В данной работе рассматриваются причинно-следственные связи, способные оказать непосредственное влияние на разрешение кризиса антибиотикорезистентности, которые прослеживаются в историческом контексте и до настоящего времени, также описываются современные перспективные научно-технические направления, способные дать человечеству новую «золотую пулю» против болезнетворных микроорганизмов, в частности использование искусственных флуорофоров — квантовых точек.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>To date, the problem of interaction between humans and the surrounding microbiome continues to grow in the human population, which is expressed in the so-called crisis of antibiotic resistance. Microorganisms, being pathogens of infectious diseases, no longer have guaranteed pharmacological barriers that can stop their reproduction, which means that they continue to claim thousands of lives every year. This phenomenon is associated with many reasons, such as the presence of mobile genetic elements in bacteria that perform the function of horizontal gene transfer, responsible for their resistance to antibiotics. Mutational microevolution changes in the genotype of a bacterial cell can lead to the development of uncontrolled polyresistance. Also, the combination of micro-and macroevolutionary changes in the external signs of the pathogen determines the system of factors of aggression, invasion, protection and adaptation. Other factors causing antibioticoresistance include overuse of antibiotics and self-nominations during periods of self-medication, antibiotics and medical staff in subclinical doses, too short treatment courses, and sometimes their function in the absence of indications for therapy, the extensive use of antibiotics in agriculture. A number of preventive measures that could significantly affect the crisis of antibiotic resistance are being actively worked out at the state level and include programs to reduce the free circulation of antibiotics, optimize therapeutic regimes, improve diagnostic measures for the verification of pathogens, prevent the spread of infections, optimize interaction between pharmaceutical companies and registration organizations, stimulate investment and public-private partnership, and of course the international initiative on systemic interaction. This paper examines the cause-and-effect relationships that can have a direct impact on the resolution of the crisis of antibiotic resistance, which can be traced in the historical context and up to the present time, as well as describes modern promising scientific and technical directions that can give humanity a new «Golden bullet» against pathogens, in particular the use of artificial fluorophores-quantum dots.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>антибиотик</kwd><kwd>антибитикорезистентность</kwd><kwd>квантовые точки</kwd><kwd>супероксидный радикал</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>antibiotic</kwd><kwd>antibiotic resistance</kwd><kwd>quantum dots</kwd><kwd>superoxide radical</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sengupta S., Chattopadhyay M.K., Grossart H.P. 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