ophthalmologyОфтальмологияOphthalmology in Russia1816-50952500-0845Ophthalmology10.18008/1816-5095-2021-2-188-197ophthalmology-1531Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSМикроРНК в офтальмологииMicroRNA in OphthalmologyБровкинаА. Ф.BrovkinaA. F.

академик РАН, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, профессор кафедры офтальмологии,

ул. Баррикадная, 2/1, Москва, 123995

Academician, MD, Professor, Professor of the Ophthalmology department,

Barrikadnaya str., 2/1, Moscow, 123995

ЯроваяГ. А.YarovayaG. A.

доктор биологических наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой медицинской биохимии и иммунопатологии,

ул. Баррикадная, 2/1, Москва, 123995

MD, Professor, Department of medical biochemistry and immunopatology,

Barrikadnaya str., 2/1, Moscow, 123995

ЦыбиковаН. Д.TsybikovaN. D.

аспирант кафедры офтальмологии,

ул. Баррикадная, 2/1, Москва, 123995

postgraduate of the Ophthalmology department,

Barrikadnaya str., 2/1, Moscow, 123995

natashatd@bk.ruФГБОУ «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииРоссияRussian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional EducationRussian Federation202102072021182188197Copyright © Бровкина А.Ф., Яровая Г.А., Цыбикова Н.Д., 20212021Бровкина А.Ф., Яровая Г.А., Цыбикова Н.Д.Brovkina A.F., Yarovaya G.A., Tsybikova N.D.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.ophthalmojournal.com/opht/article/view/1531

В статье представлены краткие сведения по истории изучения микроРНК. В настоящее время их роль в патологии человека расценивают как ключевые регуляторы экспрессии генов и кодируемых ими белков: молекулы микроРНК выполняют важные физиологические функции в клетках и тканях различных органов. Конкретные механизмы их участия в патологическом процессе пока малоизвестны. Первыми были исследованы микроРНК у больных спинальной мышечной атрофией и лейкозами. Публикации, посвященные изучению микроРНК и их роли в жизнедеятельности глаза, появились в 2002 г. Первоначально были изучены микроРНК в тканях глаз животных (мыши и зебры), позднее в эксперименте была исследована роль микроРНК ретинального пигментного эпителия при воспалительных изменениях. Проанализированы первые сведения о поисках и выделении микроРНК, их количественной характеристике у больных первичной открытоугольной глаукомой, возрастной макулодистрофией, аутоиммунным увеитом. Были получены обнадеживающие результаты и отмечена перспективность таких исследований в раскрытии патогенеза и возможности таргетного лечения. Высказаны предварительные суждения о роли микроРНК в формировании различных клинических форм офтальмопатии Грейвса (эндокринной офтальмопатии), что также вселяет надежду на появление целевой терапии этого заболевания. Большое количество публикаций выполнено по теме значимости микроРНК в развитии первичных злокачественных внутриглазных опухолей (ретинобластома и увеальная меланома). Значительное внимание уделено ретинобластоме: представлены результаты изучения различных микроРНК в качестве биомаркеров этой опухоли для ранней диагностики с конечным выходом на таргетную терапию как при локальном поражении, так и при метастазировании. Большинство исследований ограничивается изучением микроРНК в тканях опухоли. В течение последних 5 лет выполнен ряд исследований, позволяющих выделить спектр циркулирующих микроРНК, имеющих потенциальную диагностическую ценность для раннего выявления метастазов увеальной меланомы. Количество наблюдений или экспериментов в анализируемых работах невелико, исследования носят поисковый характер, и публикации практически все заканчиваются фразой: «Требуются дальнейшие исследования». 

The article provides brief information on the history of microRNA studies. Today, their role in human pathology is regarded as key regulators of the expression of genes and the proteins encoded by them: miRNA molecules perform important physiological functions in cells and tissues of various organs. The specific mechanisms of their participation in the pathological process are insufficiently known. MicroRNAs were the first to be studied in patients with spinal muscular atrophy and leukemia. Publications devoted to the study of miRNAs and their role in the life of the eye appeared in 2002. Initially, miRNAs were studied in the tissues of the animals’ eyes (mice and zebras), and later the role of miRNAs of retinal pigment epithelium in inflammatory changes was studied in the experiment. The first information on the searches and isolation of microRNAs, their quantitative characterization in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, autoimmune uveitis was analyzed. Encouraging results were obtained and the prospects of such studies in revealing the pathogenesis and the possibility of targeted treatment. Preliminary judgments were made about the role of miRNAs in the formation of various clinical forms of Graves’ ophthalmopathy (endocrine ophthalmopathy), which also gives hope for the emergence of targeted therapy for this disease. More publications have been devoted to the importance of miRNAs in the development of primary malignant intraocular tumors (retinoblastoma and uveal melanoma). Considerable attention is paid to retinoblastoma: the results of a study of various miRNAs as biomarkers of this tumor for early diagnosis with final access to targeted therapy, both in case of local lesion and in conditions of its metastasis, are presented. Most studies are limited to the study of miRNAs in tumor tissues. Over the past 5 years, a number of studies have been performed to highlight the spectrum of circulating miRNAs that have potential diagnostic value for early detection of metastases of uveal melanoma. The number of observations or experiments in the analyzed works is small, the studies are exploratory in nature and the publications all end almost with the phrase: “Further research is required”. 

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.