<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ophthalmology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Офтальмология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Ophthalmology in Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1816-5095</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-0845</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Ophthalmology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18008/1816-5095-2021-3S-666-672</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ophthalmology-1638</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Немодифицируемые факторы риска развития катаракты</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Non-Modifiable Risk Factors for Cataract Genesis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4043-456X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юсеф</surname><given-names>Юсеф Наим</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yusef</surname><given-names>Yusef Naim</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юсеф Наим Юсеф, доктор медицинских наук, директор, руководитель отдела современных методов лечения в офтальмологии </p><p>ул. Россолимо, 11а, б, Москва, 119021</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yusef Naim Yusef, MD, director, head of the Modern Treatment Methods in Ophthalmology Department </p><p>Rossolimo str., 11А, B, Moscow, 119021</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4907-0902</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андреева</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Andreeva</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Андреева Ирина Валентиновна, кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник </p><p>ул. Россолимо, 11а, б, Москва, 119021</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andreeva Irina V., PhD, senior research officer </p><p>Rossolimo str., 11А, B, Moscow, 119021</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3038-9075</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аль-Махдар</surname><given-names>Я. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Al-Mahdar</surname><given-names>Y. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аль-Махдар Ямен Мухи-Альддин, врач-офтальмолог, аспирант </p><p>ул. Россолимо, 11а, б, Москва, 119021</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Al-Mahdar Yamen M., postgraduate</p><p>Rossolimo str., 11А, B, Moscow, 119021</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">almahdar_yamen@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт глазных болезней»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Research Institute of Eye Diseases</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>10</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>3S</issue><fpage>666</fpage><lpage>672</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Юсеф Ю., Андреева И.В., Аль-Махдар Я.М., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Юсеф Ю., Андреева И.В., Аль-Махдар Я.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Yusef Y., Andreeva I.V., Al-Mahdar Y.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ophthalmojournal.com/opht/article/view/1638">https://www.ophthalmojournal.com/opht/article/view/1638</self-uri><abstract><p>В обзоре отражены современные данные о немодифицируемых факторах риска развития катаракты, среди которых ведущими являются генетические факторы и возраст. Исследования показывают, что примерно половина ядерной и две трети кортикальной катаракты могут быть обусловлены наследственными факторами. Врожденная катаракта является наследственной в 25 % случаев, из которых 75 % наследуются по аутосомно-доминантному типу. От 30 до 50 % врожденной катаракты вызваны мутациями генов, кодирующих белки в структуре хрусталика. В настоящее время обнаружено 115 генов, связанных с синдромной и несиндромной катарактой. Доказательством генетической теории может служить развитие ядерной катаракты при синдроме Стиклера (СС) — относительно редком мультисистемном заболевании соединительной ткани, наследуемом по аутосомно-доминантному типу. Синдром характеризуется структурными аномалиями в коллагене 2, 9 и 11-го типа и проявляется различными клиническими признаками, включающими аномалии лицевого скелета, поражение органа зрения, опорно-двигательного аппарата и слуховой системы. Офтальмологические осложнения СС представлены совокупностью патологической миопии, отслоения сетчатки, случаями глазной гипертензии, раннего разжижения стекловидного тела и преждевременного развития катаракты. Возраст является основным немодифицируемым фактором риска развития катаракты. Наиболее распространенная форма катаракты — возрастная ядерная, на которую в развивающихся странах приходится от 50 до 90 % от общего количества случаев. С увеличением возраста пациентов отмечается увеличение частоты развития ядерной катаракты (&gt;70 лет по сравнению с ≤65 лет, OR = 12,7). Патогенез возрастной ядерной катаракты связан с окислительным повреждением белков в условиях снижения концентрации глутатиона (GSH) и витамина С в ядре хрусталика. С возрастом создается барьер для продвижения GSH от места его синтеза и регенерации в корковом слое хрусталика в сторону ядра. При исследовании частоты возникновения кортикальной катаракты также прослеживается связь с увеличением возраста пациентов (&gt;70 лет по сравнению с ≤65 лет, OR = 5,96). Многочисленные экспериментальные и морфологические исследования подтверждают аккомодационную теорию развития кортикальной возрастной катаракты. Деформация хрусталика, вызванная силами аккомодации, приводит к неоднородной плотности хрусталика на границе ядра и корковых слоев, увеличению светорассеяния и повреждению волокон хрусталика. Генетическая предрасположенность и возраст — совокупность сложного взаимодействия многих факторов, которые могут способствовать развитию катаракты.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The review reflects the current data on unmodified risk factors for cataract development; most prominent are genetic factors and age. Research shows that about half of nuclear and two-thirds of cortical cataracts can be hereditary. Congenital cataracts are hereditary in 25 % of cases, of which 75 % are autosomal dominant. From 30 % to 50 % of congenital cataracts are caused by mutations in genes encoding proteins in the structure of the lens. To date, 115 genes have been identified associated with syndromic and non-syndromic cataracts. Proof of the genetic theory is the development of nuclear cataract in Stickler syndrome (SS), a relatively rare multisystem connective tissue disease inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. The syndrome is characterized by structural abnormalities in collagens of types 2, 9 and 11 and manifests itself in various clinical signs, including the development of facial skeleton anomalies, damage to the vision organ, the musculoskeletal system and the auditory system. Ophthalmic complications of SS are represented by a combination of pathological myopia, retinal detachment, ocular hypertension, early vitreous liquefaction and premature cataract development. Age is the main unmodified risk factor for developing cataracts. The most common form of cataract is age-related nuclear cataract, which in developing countries accounts for 50 % to 90 % of the total number of cases (&gt; 70 versus ≤ 65 years, OR = 12.7). The pathogenesis of age-related nuclear cataract is associated with oxidative damage to proteins under certain conditions: a decrease in the concentration of glutathione (GSH) and vitamin C in the lens nucleus. When examining the frequency of cortical cataract, there was also a relationship with an increase in the age of patients (&gt; 70 years versus ≤ 65 years, OR = 5.96). With age, a barrier is created for the advancement of GSH from the site of its synthesis and regeneration in the cortical layer of the lens towards the nucleus. Numerous experimental and morphological studies confirm the accommodative theory of the development of age-related cortical cataract.Lens deformations caused by accommodation forces lead to heterogeneity of the lens density at the border of the nucleus and cortical layers, an increase in light scattering and damage to the lens fibers. Genetic predisposition and age are interactions of many complex factors that can contribute to the development of cataracts.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>катаракта</kwd><kwd>генетические факторы</kwd><kwd>возраст</kwd><kwd>глутатион</kwd><kwd>аккомодация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cataract</kwd><kwd>genetic factors</kwd><kwd>age</kwd><kwd>glutathione</kwd><kwd>accommodation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burton M.J., Ramke J., Marques A.P. The Lancet Global Health Commission on Global Eye Health: vision beyond 2020. Lancet Glob Health. 2021 Apr;9(4):e489–e551. DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30488-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burton M.J., Ramke J., Marques A.P. The Lancet Global Health Commission on Global Eye Health: vision beyond 2020. Lancet Glob Health. 2021 Apr;9(4):e489–e551. DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30488-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salm M., Belsky D., Sloan F.A. Trends in cost of major eye diseases to Medicare, 1991 to 2000. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006 Dec;142(6):976–982. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2006.07.057. Epub 2006 Sep 7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salm M., Belsky D., Sloan F.A. Trends in cost of major eye diseases to Medicare, 1991 to 2000. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006 Dec;142(6):976–982. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2006.07.057. Epub 2006 Sep 7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krumpaszky H.G., Lüdtke R., Mickler A. Blindness incidence in Germany. A population-based study from Württemberg-Hohenzollern. Ophthalmologica. 1999;213(3):176–182. DOI: 10.1159/000027415</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krumpaszky H.G., Lüdtke R., Mickler A. Blindness incidence in Germany. A   population-based study from Württemberg-Hohenzollern. Ophthalmologica. 1999;213(3):176–182. DOI: 10.1159/000027415</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blum M., Kloos C., Müller N. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy. Check-up program of a public health insurance company in Germany 2002-2004. Ophthalmologe. 2007 Jun;104(6):499–500, 502–504. German. DOI: 10.1007/s00347-007-1522-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blum M., Kloos C., Müller N. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy. Check-up program of a public health insurance company in Germany 2002-2004. Ophthalmologe. 2007 Jun;104(6):499–500, 502–504. German. DOI: 10.1007/s00347-007-1522-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cedrone C., Culasso F., Cesareo M. Prevalence and incidence of age-related cataract in a population sample from Priverno, Italy. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 1999 Jun;6(2):95–103. DOI: 10.1076/opep.6.2.95.1562</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cedrone C., Culasso F., Cesareo M. Prevalence and incidence of age-related cataract in a population sample from Priverno, Italy. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 1999 Jun;6(2):95–103. DOI: 10.1076/opep.6.2.95.1562</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kocur I., Resnikoff S. Visual impairment and blindness in Europe and their prevention. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002 Jul;86(7):716–722. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.86.7.716</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kocur I., Resnikoff S. Visual impairment and blindness in Europe and their prevention. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002 Jul;86(7):716–722. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.86.7.716</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prokofyeva E., Wegener A., Zrenner E. Cataract prevalence and prevention in Europe: a literature review. Acta Ophthalmol. 2013 Aug;91(5):395–405. DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2012.02444.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prokofyeva E., Wegener A., Zrenner E. Cataract prevalence and prevention in Europe: a literature review. Acta Ophthalmol. 2013 Aug;91(5):395–405. DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2012.02444.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. Risk factors associated with agerelated nuclear and cortical cataract: a case-control study in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, AREDS Report No. 5. Ophthalmology. 2001 Aug;108(8):1400–1408. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(01)00626-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. Risk factors associated with agerelated nuclear and cortical cataract: a case-control study in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, AREDS Report No. 5. Ophthalmology. 2001 Aug;108(8):1400–1408. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(01)00626-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hammond C.J., Duncan D.D., Snieder H., de Lange M., West S.K., Spector T.D., Gilbert C.E. The heritability of age-related cortical cataract: the twin eye study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001 Mar;42(3):601–605.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hammond C.J., Duncan D.D., Snieder H., de Lange M., West S.K., Spector T.D., Gilbert C.E. The heritability of age-related cortical cataract: the twin eye study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001 Mar;42(3):601–605.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heiba I.M., Elston R.C., Klein B.E. Genetic etiology of nuclear cataract: evidence for a major gene. Am J Med Genet. 1993 Dec 1;47(8):1208–1214. DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320470816</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heiba I.M., Elston R.C., Klein B.E. Genetic etiology of nuclear cataract: evidence for a major gene. Am J Med Genet. 1993 Dec 1;47(8):1208–1214. DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320470816</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McCarty C.A., Mukesh B.N., Fu C.L., Taylor H.R. The epidemiology of cataract in Australia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999 Oct;128(4):446–465. DOI: 10.1016/s00029394(99)00218-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McCarty C.A., Mukesh B.N., Fu C.L., Taylor H.R. The epidemiology of cataract in Australia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999 Oct;128(4):446–465. DOI: 10.1016/s00029394(99)00218-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tătaru C.I., Tătaru C.P., Costache A. Congenital cataract — clinical and morphological aspects. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2020;61(1):105–112. DOI: 10.47162/RJME.61.1.11</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tătaru C.I., Tătaru C.P., Costache A. Congenital cataract  — clinical and morphological aspects. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2020;61(1):105–112. DOI: 10.47162/RJME.61.1.11</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berry V., Georgiou M., Fujinami K. Inherited cataracts: molecular genetics, clinical features, disease mechanisms and novel therapeutic approaches. Br J Ophthalmol. 2020 Oct;104(10):1331–1337. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-315282</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berry V., Georgiou M., Fujinami K. Inherited cataracts: molecular genetics, clinical features, disease mechanisms and novel therapeutic approaches. Br J Ophthalmol. 2020 Oct;104(10):1331–1337. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-315282</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Medsinge A., Nischal K.K. Pediatric cataract: challenges and future directions. Clin Ophthalmol. 2015 Jan 7;9:77–90. DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S59009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Medsinge A., Nischal K.K. Pediatric cataract: challenges and future directions. Clin Ophthalmol. 2015 Jan 7;9:77–90. DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S59009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Antunes R.B., Alonso N., Paula R.G. Importance of early diagnosis of Stickler syndrome in newborns. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2012 Aug;65(8):1029–1034. DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2012.02.017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Antunes R.B., Alonso N., Paula R.G. Importance of early diagnosis of Stickler syndrome in newborns. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2012 Aug;65(8):1029–1034. DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2012.02.017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boothe M., Morris R., Robin N. Stickler Syndrome: A Review of Clinical Manifestations and the Genetics Evaluation. J Pers Med. 2020 Aug 27;10(3):105. DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030105</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boothe M., Morris R., Robin N. Stickler Syndrome: A Review of Clinical Manifestations and the Genetics Evaluation. J Pers Med. 2020 Aug 27;10(3):105. DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030105</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ettl A., Fischer-Klein C., Chemelli A. Proton relaxation times of the vitreous body in hereditary vitreoretinal dystrophy. Ophthalmologica. 1994;208(4):195–197. DOI: 10.1159/000310486</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ettl A., Fischer-Klein C., Chemelli A. Proton relaxation times of the vitreous body in hereditary vitreoretinal dystrophy. Ophthalmologica. 1994;208(4):195–197. DOI: 10.1159/000310486</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seery C.M., Pruett R.C., Liberfarb R.M. Distinctive cataract in the Stickler syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1990 Aug 15;110(2):143–148. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)76982-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seery C.M., Pruett R.C., Liberfarb R.M. Distinctive cataract in the Stickler syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1990 Aug 15;110(2):143–148. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)76982-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organisation Blindness and Vision Impairment Prevention accessed on 15 September 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organisation Blindness and Vision Impairment Prevention accessed on 15 September 2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hu D., Xie F., Xiao Y. Metformin: A Potential Candidate for Targeting Aging Mechanisms. Aging Dis. 2021 Apr 1;12(2):480–493. DOI: 10.14336/AD.2020.0702</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hu D., Xie F., Xiao Y. Metformin: A Potential Candidate for Targeting Aging Mechanisms. Aging Dis. 2021 Apr 1;12(2):480–493. DOI: 10.14336/AD.2020.0702</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheng R., Lin B., Lee K.W. Similarity of the yellow chromophores isolated from human cataracts with those from ascorbic acid-modified calf lens proteins: evidence for ascorbic acid glycation during cataract formation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001 Jul 27;1537(1):14–26. DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(01)00051-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheng R., Lin B., Lee K.W. Similarity of the yellow chromophores isolated from human cataracts with those from ascorbic acid-modified calf lens proteins: evidence for ascorbic acid glycation during cataract formation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001 Jul 27;1537(1):14–26. DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(01)00051-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spector A., Roy D. Disulfide-linked high molecular weight protein associated with human cataract. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1978 Jul;75(7):3244–3248. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.75.7.3244</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spector A., Roy D. Disulfide-linked high molecular weight protein associated with human cataract. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1978 Jul;75(7):3244–3248. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.75.7.3244</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lou M.F. Redox regulation in the lens. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2003 Sep;22(5):657–682. DOI: 10.1016/s1350-9462(03)00050-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lou M.F. Redox regulation in the lens. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2003 Sep;22(5):657–682. DOI: 10.1016/s1350-9462(03)00050-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Truscott R.J. Age-related nuclear cataract-oxidation is the key. Exp Eye Res. 2005 May;80(5):709–725. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2004.12.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Truscott R.J. Age-related nuclear cataract-oxidation is the key. Exp Eye Res. 2005 May;80(5):709–725. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2004.12.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Siegfried C.J., Shui Y.B. Intraocular Oxygen and Antioxidant Status: New Insights on the Effect of Vitrectomy and Glaucoma Pathogenesis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2019 Jul;203:12–25. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.02.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Siegfried C.J., Shui Y.B. Intraocular Oxygen and Antioxidant Status: New Insights on the Effect of Vitrectomy and Glaucoma Pathogenesis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2019 Jul;203:12–25. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.02.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Senthilkumari S., Talwar B., Dharmalingam K. Polymorphisms in sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter genes and plasma, aqueous humor and lens nucleus ascorbate concentrations in an ascorbate depleted setting. Exp Eye Res. 2014 Jul;124:24–30. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.04.022</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Senthilkumari S., Talwar B., Dharmalingam K. Polymorphisms in sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter genes and plasma, aqueous humor and lens nucleus ascorbate concentrations in an ascorbate depleted setting. Exp Eye Res. 2014 Jul;124:24–30. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.04.022</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taylor A., Jacques P.F., Nowell T. Vitamin C in human and guinea pig aqueous, lens and plasma in relation to intake. Curr Eye Res. 1997 Sep;16(9):857–864. DOI: 10.1076/ceyr.16.9.857.5039. PMID: 9288446</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taylor A., Jacques P.F., Nowell T. Vitamin C in human and guinea pig aqueous, lens and plasma in relation to intake. Curr Eye Res. 1997 Sep;16(9):857–864. DOI: 10.1076/ceyr.16.9.857.5039. PMID: 9288446</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reddy V.N. Glutathione and its function in the lens--an overview. Exp Eye Res. 1990 Jun;50(6):771–778. DOI: 10.1016/0014-4835(90)90127-g</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reddy V.N. Glutathione and its function in the lens--an overview. Exp Eye Res. 1990 Jun;50(6):771–778. DOI: 10.1016/0014-4835(90)90127-g</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tessier F., Moreaux V., Birlouez-Aragon I. Decrease in vitamin C concentration in human lenses during cataract progression. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1998;68(5):309–315.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tessier F., Moreaux V., Birlouez-Aragon I. Decrease in vitamin C concentration in human lenses during cataract progression. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1998;68(5):309–315.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Braakhuis A.J., Donaldson C.I., Lim J.C. Nutritional Strategies to Prevent Lens Cataract: Current Status and Future Strategies. Nutrients. 2019 May 27;11(5):1186. DOI: 10.3390/nu11051186</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Braakhuis A.J., Donaldson C.I., Lim J.C. Nutritional Strategies to Prevent Lens Cataract: Current Status and Future Strategies. Nutrients. 2019 May 27;11(5):1186. DOI: 10.3390/nu11051186</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sella R., Afshari N.A. Nutritional effect on age-related cataract formation and progression. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2019 Jan;30(1):63–69. DOI: 10.1097/ICU.0000000000000537</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sella R., Afshari N.A. Nutritional effect on age-related cataract formation and progression. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2019 Jan;30(1):63–69. DOI: 10.1097/ICU.0000000000000537</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sweeney M.H., Truscott R.J. An impediment to glutathione diffusion in older normal human lenses: a possible precondition for nuclear cataract. Exp Eye Res. 1998 Nov;67(5):587–595. DOI: 10.1006/exer.1998.0549</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sweeney M.H., Truscott R.J. An impediment to glutathione diffusion in older normal human lenses: a possible precondition for nuclear cataract. Exp Eye Res. 1998 Nov;67(5):587–595. DOI: 10.1006/exer.1998.0549</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schoen W. Die geschichtliche Entwicklung unserer Kenntnis der Staarkrankheit — Antritts-Vorlesung am 26. Oktober 1896 — Universität Leipzig. Leipzig: Verlag von Alfred Langkammer; 1897.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schoen W. Die geschichtliche Entwicklung unserer Kenntnis der Staarkrankheit — Antritts-Vorlesung am 26. Oktober 1896 — Universität Leipzig. Leipzig: Verlag von Alfred Langkammer; 1897.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fisher R.F. Human lens fibre transparency and mechanical stress. Exp Eye Res. 1973 Jun;16(1):41–49. DOI: 10.1016/0014-4835(73)90235-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fisher R.F. Human lens fibre transparency and mechanical stress. Exp Eye Res. 1973 Jun;16(1):41–49. DOI: 10.1016/0014-4835(73)90235-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pau H. Cortical and subcapsular cataracts: significance of physical forces. Ophthalmologica. 2006;220(1):1–5. DOI: 10.1159/000089267. PMID: 16374041</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pau H. Cortical and subcapsular cataracts: significance of physical forces. Ophthalmologica. 2006;220(1):1–5. DOI: 10.1159/000089267. PMID: 16374041</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Angra S.K., Adhikari K.P., Dada V.K. Refractive error stress in the etiology of senile cataract. Indian J Ophthalmol. 1986 Jan-Feb;34(1):1–5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Angra S.K., Adhikari K.P., Dada V.K. Refractive error stress in the etiology of senile cataract. Indian J Ophthalmol. 1986 Jan-Feb;34(1):1–5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fujisawa K., Sasaki K. Changes in light scattering intensity of the transparent lenses of subjects selected from population-based surveys depending on age: analysis through Scheimpflug images. Ophthalmic Res. 1995 Mar-Apr;27(2):89–101. DOI: 10.1159/000267604.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fujisawa K., Sasaki K. Changes in light scattering intensity of the transparent lenses of subjects selected from population-based surveys depending on age: analysis through Scheimpflug images. Ophthalmic Res. 1995 Mar-Apr;27(2):89–101. DOI: 10.1159/000267604.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Belaidi A., Pierscionek B.K. Modeling internal stress distributions in the human lens: can opponent theories coexist? J Vis. 2007 Aug 3;7(11):1.1–12. DOI: 10.1167/7.11.1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belaidi A., Pierscionek B.K. Modeling internal stress distributions in the human lens: can opponent theories coexist? J Vis. 2007 Aug 3;7(11):1.1–12. DOI: 10.1167/7.11.1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang K., Venetsanos D., Wang J. Gradient moduli lens models: how material properties and application of forces can affect deformation and distributions of stress. Sci Rep. 2016 Aug 10;6:31171. DOI: 10.1038/srep31171</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang K., Venetsanos D., Wang J. Gradient moduli lens models: how material properties and application of forces can affect deformation and distributions of stress. Sci Rep. 2016 Aug 10;6:31171. DOI: 10.1038/srep31171</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Michael R., Pareja-Aricò L., Rauscher F.G. Cortical Cataract and Refractive Error. Ophthalmic Res. 2019;62(3):157–165. DOI: 10.1159/000496865</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Michael R., Pareja-Aricò L., Rauscher F.G. Cortical Cataract and Refractive Error. Ophthalmic Res. 2019;62(3):157–165. DOI: 10.1159/000496865</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fisher R.F. The force of contraction of the human ciliary muscle during accommodation. J Physiol. 1977 Aug;270(1):51–74. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1977.sp011938</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fisher R.F. The force of contraction of the human ciliary muscle during accommodation. J Physiol. 1977 Aug;270(1):51–74. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1977.sp011938</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pierscionek B.K. In vitro alteration of human lens curvatures by radial stretching. Exp Eye Res. 1993 Nov;57(5):629–635. DOI: 10.1006/exer.1993.1168</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pierscionek B.K. In vitro alteration of human lens curvatures by radial stretching. Exp Eye Res. 1993 Nov;57(5):629–635. DOI: 10.1006/exer.1993.1168</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Glasser A., Campbell M.C. Presbyopia and the optical changes in the human crystalline lens with age. Vision Res. 1998 Jan;38(2):209–229. DOI: 10.1016/s00426989(97)00102-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glasser A., Campbell M.C. Presbyopia and the optical changes in the human crystalline lens with age. Vision Res. 1998 Jan;38(2):209–229. DOI: 10.1016/s00426989(97)00102-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koopmans S.A., Terwee T., Barkhof J. Polymer refilling of presbyopic human lenses in vitro restores the ability to undergo accommodative changes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003 Jan;44(1):250–257. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.02-0256</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koopmans S.A., Terwee T., Barkhof J. Polymer refilling of presbyopic human lenses in vitro restores the ability to undergo accommodative changes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003 Jan;44(1):250–257. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.02-0256</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Augusteyn R.C., Mohamed A., Nankivil D. Age-dependence of the optomechanical responses of ex vivo human lenses from India and the USA, and the force required to produce these in a lens stretcher: the similarity to in vivo disaccomodation. Vision Res. 2011 Jul 15;51(14):1667–1678. DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2011.05.009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Augusteyn R.C., Mohamed A., Nankivil D. Age-dependence of the optomechanical responses of ex vivo human lenses from India and the USA, and the force required to produce these in a lens stretcher: the similarity to in vivo disaccomodation. Vision Res. 2011 Jul 15;51(14):1667–1678. DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2011.05.009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weeber H.A., Eckert G., Pechhold W., van der Heijde R.G. Stiffness gradient in the crystalline lens. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2007 Sep;245(9):1357–1366. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-007-0537-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weeber H.A., Eckert G., Pechhold W., van der Heijde R.G. Stiffness gradient in the crystalline lens. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2007 Sep;245(9):1357–1366. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-007-0537-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wilde G.S., Burd H.J., Judge S.J. Shear modulus data for the human lens determined from a spinning lens test. Exp Eye Res. 2012 Apr;97(1):36–48. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.01.011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wilde G.S., Burd H.J., Judge S.J. Shear modulus data for the human lens determined from a spinning lens test. Exp Eye Res. 2012 Apr;97(1):36–48. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.01.011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vrensen G.F. Early cortical lens opacities: a short overview. Acta Ophthalmol. 2009 Sep;87(6):602–610. DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01674.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vrensen G.F. Early cortical lens opacities: a short overview. Acta Ophthalmol. 2009 Sep;87(6):602–610. DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01674.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fisher R.F. Senile cataract. A comparative study between lens fibre stress and cuneiform opacity formation. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1970;90:93–109</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fisher R.F. Senile cataract. A comparative study between lens fibre stress and cuneiform opacity formation. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1970;90:93–109</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beebe D.C. The physiology and pathobiology of the lens. In: McManus LM, Mitchell RN, eds. Pathobiology of Human Disease. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press; 2014:2072–2083.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beebe D.C. The physiology and pathobiology of the lens. In: McManus LM, Mitchell RN, eds.  Pathobiology of Human Disease. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press; 2014:2072–2083.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pinilla Cortés L., Burd H.J., Montenegro G.A. Experimental protocols for ex vivo lens stretching tests to investigate the biomechanics of the human accommodation apparatus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015 May;56(5):2926–2932. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15744.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pinilla Cortés L., Burd H.J., Montenegro G.A. Experimental protocols for ex vivo lens stretching tests to investigate the biomechanics of the human accommodation apparatus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015 May;56(5):2926–2932. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15744.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Michael R., D’Antin J.C., Pinilla Cortés L. Deformations and Ruptures in Human Lenses With Cortical Cataract Subjected to Ex Vivo Simulated Accommodation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2021 Jan 4;62(1):12. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.1.12</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Michael R., D’Antin J.C., Pinilla Cortés L. Deformations and Ruptures in Human Lenses With Cortical Cataract Subjected to Ex Vivo Simulated Accommodation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2021 Jan 4;62(1):12. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.1.12</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taylor V.L., al-Ghoul K.J., Lane C.W. Morphology of the normal human lens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996 Jun;37(7):1396–1410.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taylor V.L., al-Ghoul K.J., Lane C.W. Morphology of the normal human lens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996 Jun;37(7):1396–1410.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garland D.L., Duglas-Tabor Y., Jimenez-Asensio J. The nucleus of the human lens: demonstration of a highly characteristic protein pattern by two-dimensional electrophoresis and introduction of a new method of lens dissection. Exp Eye Res. 1996 Mar;62(3):285–291. DOI: 10.1006/exer.1996.0034</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garland D.L., Duglas-Tabor Y., Jimenez-Asensio J. The nucleus of the human lens: demonstration of a highly characteristic protein pattern by two-dimensional electrophoresis and introduction of a new method of lens dissection. Exp Eye Res. 1996 Mar;62(3):285–291. DOI: 10.1006/exer.1996.0034</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Augusteyn R.C. On the growth and internal structure of the human lens. Exp Eye Res. 2010 Jun;90(6):643–654. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2010.01.013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Augusteyn R.C. On the growth and internal structure of the human lens. Exp Eye Res. 2010 Jun;90(6):643–654. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2010.01.013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sparrow J.M., Bron A.J., Brown N.A., Ayliffe W., Hill A.R. The Oxford Clinical Cataract Classification and Grading System. Int Ophthalmol. 1986 Dec;9(4):207–225. DOI: 10.1007/BF00137534</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sparrow J.M., Bron A.J., Brown N.A., Ayliffe W., Hill A.R. The Oxford Clinical Cataract Classification and Grading System. Int Ophthalmol. 1986 Dec;9(4):207–225. DOI: 10.1007/BF00137534</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
