<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ophthalmology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Офтальмология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Ophthalmology in Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1816-5095</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-0845</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Ophthalmology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18008/1816-5095-2021-3S-688-694</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ophthalmology-1643</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Современные ультразвуковые методы исследования биомеханических свойств хрусталика. Обзор литературы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modern Ultrasound Methods of Studying the Biomechanical Properties of the Lens. Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6194-2777</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сакалова</surname><given-names>Е. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sakalova</surname><given-names>E. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сакалова Екатерина Денисовна, младший научный сотрудник отдела патологии сетчатки и зрительного нерва</p><p>ул. Россолимо, 11а, б, Москва, 119021</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sakalova Ekaterina D., research assistant of the Retina and optic nerve pathology department</p><p>Rossolimo str., 11A, B, Moscow, 119021</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">katya.sakalova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4907-0902</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андреева</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Andreeva</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Андреева Ирина Валентиновна, кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник патологии сетчатки и зрительного нерва</p><p>ул. Россолимо, 11а, б, Москва, 119021</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andreeva Irina V., senior research assistant of the Retina and optic nerve pathology department</p><p>Rossolimo str., 11A, B, Moscow, 119021</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3038-9075</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аль-Махдар</surname><given-names>Я. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Al-Mahdar</surname><given-names>Y. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аль-Махдар Ямен Мухи-Альддин, аспирант отдела патологии сетчатки и зрительного нерва</p><p>ул. Россолимо, 11а, б, Москва, 119021</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Al-Mahdar Yamen M., postgraduate of the Retina and optic nerve pathology department</p><p>Rossolimo str., 11A, B, Moscow, 119021</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт глазных болезней»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Research Institute of Eye Diseases</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>10</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>3S</issue><fpage>688</fpage><lpage>694</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Сакалова Е.Д., Андреева И.В., Аль-Махдар Я.М., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сакалова Е.Д., Андреева И.В., Аль-Махдар Я.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sakalova E.D., Andreeva I.V., Al-Mahdar Y.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ophthalmojournal.com/opht/article/view/1643">https://www.ophthalmojournal.com/opht/article/view/1643</self-uri><abstract><p>Катаракта в настоящее время является одним из самых распространенных заболеваний в офтальмологии, занимает первое место в мире среди причин обратимой слепоты. Это многофакторное заболевание, включающее сложные взаимодействия между нарушением обменных процессов, генетической предрасположенностью и факторами внешней среды. Изучение свойств хрусталика с клинической точки зрения имеет большое значение в катарактальной хирургии. Особенно значимым является определение механической твердости хрусталика для оптимизации количества ультразвуковой энергии, затрачиваемой при факоэмульсификации, что позволяет минимизировать количество осложнений. Однако существующие для этого способы являются довольно субъективными и основываются чаще всего на биомикроскопии с визуальной оценкой. Значительную часть методов оценки состояния хрусталика составляют ультразвуковые исследования. Существуют способы определения плотности хрусталика с помощью А-сканирования (одномерного изображения) и В-сканирования (двухмерного изображения). В основном эти методики дают информацию об акустической плотности, но не о механической твердости. В нескольких исследованиях для определения твердости хрусталика был применен высокочастотный игольчатый датчик. Авторы полагают, что комбинация игольчатого датчика и факонаконечника для обратной связи в реальном времени может обеспечить лучшую эффективность операции. Для оценки упругих свойств тканей во многих областях медицины используется такой метод, как ультразвуковая статическая и динамическая эластография. В офтальмологии эластография не применяется в широкой клинической практике, однако существуют исследования, в которых плотность хрусталика оценивают in vivo с помощью компрессионной эластографии. Ряд исследователей предлагают использование совмещенной системы ультразвуковой эластографии и ОКТ, называемой ОКТэластографией. Предполагается, что ОКТ-эластография может обеспечить лучшее пространственное разрешение изображения и более высокую скорость сбора данных. В обзоре в систематическом виде представлены данные литературы, касающиеся методов исследования хрусталика, его акустической и механической плотности с использованием различных ультразвуковых методов исследования, в том числе таких мало изученных в офтальмологии, как компрессионная эластография и оптическая когерентная эластография.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Cataract is one of the most common diseases in ophthalmology nowadays, ranks first in the world among the causes of reversible blindness and remains a multifactorial disease, involving complex interactions between metabolic disorders, genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors. Studying the properties of the lens is important in “cataract” surgery from a clinical perspective. Determination of the mechanical hardness of the lens is particularly important to optimize the amount of ultrasonic energy expended during phacoemulsification in order to minimize the number of complications, however, the existing methods are rather subjective and based mainly on biomicroscopy with visual assessment. Ultrasound constitutes a significant part of the methods of studying the lens. There are methods for determining the density of the lens using A-scan (one-dimensional image) and B-scan (two-dimensional image). Basically, these techniques provide information on acoustic density, but not on mechanical hardness. Several studies have used a high frequency needle tranducer to determine the hardness of the lens. The authors believe that the combination of an ultrasound needle tranducer and a phacoemulcification probe for real-time feedback may provide better surgical efficiency. Ultrasound elastography, static and dynamic is used to assess the elastic properties of tissues in many areas of medicine. In ophthalmology, elastography is not used in general clinical practice, however, the density of the lens is assessed in vivo using compression elastography in some studies. Also, a number of researchers offer combined system of ultrasound elastography and OCT, called OCTelastography. It is assumed that OCT elastography can provide better spatial image resolution and faster acquisition rates. The literature review reveals summarized data on methods of studying the lens, its acoustic and mechanical density, using various ultrasound research techniques, including such poorly understood methods in ophthalmology as compression elastography and optical coherent elastography.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>катаракта</kwd><kwd>факоэмульсификация</kwd><kwd>ультразвуковые методы</kwd><kwd>плотность хрусталика</kwd><kwd>компрессионная эластография</kwd><kwd>оптическая когерентная эластография</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cataract</kwd><kwd>phacoemulsification</kwd><kwd>ultrasound methods</kwd><kwd>lens density</kwd><kwd>compression elastography</kwd><kwd>optical coherent elastography</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Flaxman S.R., Bourne R.R.A., Resnikoff S., Ackland P.Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990–2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5(12):e1221–e1234. DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X (17) 30393-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Flaxman S.R., Bourne R.R.A., Resnikoff S., Ackland P.Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990–2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5(12):e1221–e1234. DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X (17) 30393-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wride M.A. Lens fibre cell differentiation and organelle loss: many paths lead to clarity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2011;366(1568):1219–1233. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0324</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wride  M.A.  Lens fibre cell differentiation and organelle loss: many paths lead to clarity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2011;366(1568):1219–1233. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0324</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shiels A., Hejtmancik J.F. Molecular Genetics of Cataract. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2015;134:203–218. DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.05.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shiels A., Hejtmancik J.F. Molecular Genetics of Cataract. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2015;134:203–218. DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.05.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chang D., Zhang X., Rong S., Sha Q. Serum antioxidative enzymes levels and oxidative stress products in age-related cataract patients. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2013;2013:587826. DOI: 10.1155/2013/587826</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chang  D., Zhang  X., Rong  S., Sha  Q. Serum antioxidative enzymes levels and oxidative stress products in age-related cataract patients. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2013;2013:587826. DOI: 10.1155/2013/587826</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumarasamy A., Jeyarajan S., Cheon J., Premceski A. Peptide-induced formation of protein aggregates and amyloid fibrils in human and guinea pig αA-crystallins under physiological conditions of temperature and pH. Exp Eye Res. 2019;179:193–205. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.11.016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumarasamy A., Jeyarajan S., Cheon J., Premceski A. Peptide-induced formation of protein aggregates and amyloid fibrils in human and guinea pig αA-crystallins under physiological conditions of temperature and pH. Exp Eye Res. 2019;179:193–205. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.11.016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Королева И.А., Егоров А.Е. Метаболизм хрусталика: особенности и пути коррекции. Российский медицинский журнал. Клиническая офтальмология. 2015;15(4):191–195.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koroleva I.A., Egorov  A.E.  Lens metabolism: features and ways of correction. Russian Medical Journal. Clinical Ophthalmology = Rossiyskiy medicinskiy zhurnal. Klinicheskaya oftal’mologiya. 2015;15(4):191–195 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шухаев С.В., Ельцина О.М., Балашевич Л.И. Метод сравнительной оценки ультразвуковых и гидродинамических показателей в процессе факоэмульсификации. Вестник офтальмологии. 2018;134(6):33–40. DO: 10.17116/oftalma201813406133</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shukhaev S.V., Yeltsina O.M, Balashevich L.I. Comparison of ultrasound and hydrodynamic parameters in phacoemulsification. Annals of Ophthalmology = Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2018;134(6):33–40 (In Russ). DO: 10.17116/oftalma201813406133</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clover J. Slit-Lamp Biomicroscopy. Cornea. 2018;37:Suppl 1:S5–S6. DOI: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000001641</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clover J. Slit-Lamp Biomicroscopy. Cornea. 2018;37:Suppl 1:S5–S6. DOI: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000001641</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martin R. Cornea and anterior eye assessment with slit lamp biomicroscopy, specular microscopy, confocal microscopy, and ultrasound biomicroscopy. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2018;66(2):195–201. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_649_17</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martin R. Cornea and anterior eye assessment with slit lamp biomicroscopy, specular microscopy, confocal microscopy, and ultrasound biomicroscopy. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2018;66(2):195–201. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_649_17</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kercheval D.B., Terry J.E. Essentials of slit lamp biomicroscopy. J Am Optom Assoc. 1977;48(11):1383–1389.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kercheval D.B., Terry J.E. Essentials of slit lamp biomicroscopy. J Am Optom Assoc. 1977;48(11):1383–1389.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Painter R. Slit lamp photography: The basics. J Vis Commun Med. 2015;38(1–2):119–123. DOI: 10.3109/17453054.2015.1039502</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Painter R. Slit lamp photography: The basics.  J Vis Commun Med. 2015;38(1–2):119–123. DOI: 10.3109/17453054.2015.1039502</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lewis-Younger R.L., Mamalis N., Eger M.J. Lens opacification detected by slit lamp biomicroscopy are associated with exposure to organic nitrate explosives. Arch. Ophthalmol. 2000;118(12):1653–1659 DOI: 10.1001/archopht.118.12.1653</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lewis-Younger R.L., Mamalis N., Eger M.J. Lens opacification detected by slit lamp biomicroscopy are associated with exposure to organic nitrate explosives. Arch. Ophthalmol. 2000;118(12):1653–1659 DOI: 10.1001/archopht.118.12.1653</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cyilack L.T., Ransil B.J., White O. Classification of human senile cataract change by the American Cooperative Cataract Research Group (CCRG). Method III. The association on nuclear color (sclerosis) with extend of cataract formation, age and visual acuity. Invest. Ophthalmol. 1984.25(2):174–180.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cyilack L.T., Ransil B.J., White O. Classification of human senile cataract change by the American Cooperative Cataract Research Group (CCRG). Method III. The association on nuclear color (sclerosis) with extend of cataract formation, age and visual acuity. Invest. Ophthalmol. 1984.25(2):174–180.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matsuoka R., Watanabe M., Ueno H. A study of coloring in human lens nucleus — association of four inorganic elements and dielectric behavior with nuclear color. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. 1997;101:359–365.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matsuoka R., Watanabe M., Ueno H. A study of coloring in human lens nucleus — association of four inorganic elements and dielectric behavior with nuclear color. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. 1997;101:359–365.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qian W., Soderberg P., Chen E. Universal opacity standart for Scheimpflug photography. Ophthalmol. Res. 2000;32(3):292–298. DOI: 10.1159/000055628</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qian W., Soderberg P., Chen E. Universal opacity standart for Scheimpflug photography. Ophthalmol. Res. 2000;32(3):292–298. DOI: 10.1159/000055628</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Джаши В.Г., Балалин С.В., Серков Ю.С. К вопросу о плотности хрусталика. Современные технологии в офтальмологии. 2019;5:24–27. DOI: 10.25276/2312-4911-2019-5-24-27</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dzhashi B.G. Balalin S.V. Serkov Yu.S. To the question of the density of the lens. Modern technologies in ophthalmology = Sovremennyye tekhnologii v oftal’mologii. 2019;5:24–27 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.25276/2312-4911-2019-5-24-27</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sacamoto Y., Sasaki H., Nacamura Y. Reproducibility of data obtained by a newly developed anterior eye segment analysis system EAS-1000. Ophthalmol. Res. 1992;24:10–20. DOI: 10.1159/000267202</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sacamoto Y., Sasaki H., Nacamura Y. Reproducibility of data obtained by a newly developed anterior eye segment analysis system EAS-1000. Ophthalmol. Res. 1992;24:10–20. DOI: 10.1159/000267202</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wegener A., Laser H. Image analysis and Scheimpflug photography of anterior segment of the eye — a review. Klin. Monatsbl. Augenheilkd. 2001;218(2):67–77. DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-12248</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wegener A., Laser H. Image analysis and Scheimpflug photography of anterior segment of the eye — a review. Klin. Monatsbl. Augenheilkd. 2001;218(2):67–77. DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-12248</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pei X., Bao Y., Chen X. Correlation of lens density measured using the Pentacam Scheimpflug system with the LOCS III grading score and visual acuity in agerelated nuclear cataract. Brit. J. Ophthalmol. 2008;92:1471–1475. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2007.136978</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pei X., Bao Y., Chen X. Correlation of lens density measured using the Pentacam Scheimpflug system with the LOCS III grading score and visual acuity in agerelated nuclear cataract. Brit. J. Ophthalmol. 2008;92:1471–1475. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2007.136978</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bayrak G., Özdamar Erol Y., Kazanci B. An objective evaluation of crystalline lens density using Scheimpflug lens densitometry in different uveitis entities. Int Ophthalmol. 2020;40(8):2031–2040. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01379-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bayrak G., Özdamar Erol Y., Kazanci B. An objective evaluation of crystalline lens density using Scheimpflug lens densitometry in different uveitis entities. Int Ophthalmol. 2020;40(8):2031–2040. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01379-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rabsilber T.M., Khoramnia R., Auffarth G.U. Anterior chamber measurements using Pentacam rotating Scheimpflug camera. J. Cataract Refractive Surg. 2006;32(5):456–459. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2005.12.103</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rabsilber T.M., Khoramnia R., Auffarth G.U. Anterior chamber measurements using Pentacam rotating Scheimpflug camera. J. Cataract Refractive Surg. 2006;32(5):456–459. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2005.12.103</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rufer F., Schroder A., Arvani M-K. Zentrale und periphere Hornhautpachymetrie — Normevaluation mit dem Pentacam-System. Klin. Monatsbl. Augenheilkd. 2005;222(2):117–122. DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-857908</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rufer F., Schroder A., Arvani M-K. Zentrale und periphere Hornhautpachymetrie — Normevaluation mit dem Pentacam-System. Klin. Monatsbl. Augenheilkd. 2005;222(2):117–122. DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-857908</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ossoinig K.C. Standardized echography: basic principles, clinical applications, and results. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1979;19(4):127–210.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ossoinig K.C. Standardized echography: basic principles, clinical applications, and results. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1979;19(4):127–210.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аветисов К.С., Новиков И.А., Сипливый В.И., Маркосян А.Г. Испытательный стенд для исследования вязкопластических свойств биологических тканей. Вестник офтальмологии. 2011;127(2):56–58.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avetisov K.S., Novikov I.A., Siplivy V.I., Markosyan A.G. Test device for estimation of viscoelactic properties of biological tussues. Annals of Ophthalmology = Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2011;127(2):56–58 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аветисов К.С., Маркосян А.Г. Оценка возрастных особенностей акустической плотности и биометрических взаимоотношений хрусталика на основе комбинированного ультразвукового исследования. Вестник офтальмологии. 2013;129(3):16–23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avetisov K.S., Markosian A.G. Estimation of age-related features of acoustic density and biometric relations of lens based on combined ultrasound scanning. Annals of Ophthalmology = Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2013;129(3):16–23 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van den Berg T.J., Coppens J.C. Conversion of lens slit lamp photographs into physical light-scattering units. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1999;(9):2151–2157.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van den Berg T.J., Coppens J.C. Conversion of lens slit lamp photographs into physical light-scattering units. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1999;(9):2151–2157.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Краснов М.М., Макаров И.А., Юсеф Н.Ю. Денситометрический анализ ядра хрусталика в выборе стратегии хирургического лечения катаракты. Вестник офтальмологии. 2000;116(4):6–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krasnov M.M., Makarov I.A., Yusef S.N. Densitometric analysis of the lens nucleus in the choice of a strategy for surgical treatment of cataract. Annals of Ophthalmology =Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2000;116(4):6–8 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsaousis K.T., Lamprogiannis L.P., Dimitrakos S.A., Tsinopoulos I.T. Preoperative evaluation of human crystalline lens hardness using A-scan ultrasound biometry: a pilot study. Int J Ophthalmol. 2016;9(10):1521–1523. DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.10.25</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsaousis K.T., Lamprogiannis L.P., Dimitrakos S.A., Tsinopoulos I.T. Preoperative evaluation of human crystalline lens hardness using A-scan ultrasound biometry: a pilot study. Int J Ophthalmol. 2016;9(10):1521–1523. DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.10.25</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sugiura T., Kurosaks D., Uezuki Y., Eguchi S., Obata H., Takahashi T. Creating cataract in pig eye. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1999;25:615–621. DOI: 10.1016/s08863350(99)00002-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sugiura T., Kurosaks D., Uezuki Y., Eguchi S., Obata H., Takahashi T. Creating cataract in pig eye. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1999;25:615–621. DOI: 10.1016/s08863350(99)00002-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsui P.H., Chang C.C. Imaging local scatterer concentrations by the Nakagami statistical model. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007;33:608–619. DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2006.10.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsui P.H., Chang C.C. Imaging local scatterer concentrations by the Nakagami statistical model. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007;33:608–619. DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2006.10.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Po-Hsiang Tsui, Chih-Chung Huang, Qifa Zhou, Kirk Shung. Cataract measurement by estimating the ultrasonic statistical parameter using an ultrasound needle transducer: an in vitro study. Physiol Meas. 2011;32(5):513–522. DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/32/5/002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Po-Hsiang Tsui, Chih-Chung Huang, Qifa Zhou, Kirk Shung. Cataract measurement by estimating the ultrasonic statistical parameter using an ultrasound needle transducer: an in vitro study. Physiol Meas. 2011;32(5):513–522.  DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/32/5/002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsui P.H., Huang C.C., Chang C.C., Wang S.H., Shung K.K. Feasibility study of using high-frequency ultrasonic Nakagami imaging for characterizing the cataract lens in vitro. Phys Med Biol. 2007;52:6413–6425. DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/52/21/005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsui P.H., Huang C.C., Chang C.C., Wang S.H., Shung K.K. Feasibility study of using high-frequency ultrasonic Nakagami imaging for characterizing the cataract lens in vitro. Phys Med Biol. 2007;52:6413–6425. DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/52/21/005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chih-Chung Huang, Ruimin Chen, Po-Hsiang Tsui, Qifa Zhou, Humayun M.S. Shung K.K. Measurements of attenuation coefficient for evaluating the hardness of a cataract lens by a high-frequency ultrasonic needle transducer. Phys Med Biol. 2009;54(19):5981–5994. DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/54/19/021</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chih-Chung Huang, Ruimin Chen, Po-Hsiang Tsui, Qifa Zhou, Humayun M.S. Shung K.K. Measurements of attenuation coefficient for evaluating the hardness of a cataract lens by a high-frequency ultrasonic needle transducer. Phys Med Biol. 2009;54(19):5981–5994. DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/54/19/021</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garra B.S. Imaging and estimation of tissue elasticity by ultrasound. Ultrasound Q. 2007;23:255–268. DOI: 10.1097/ruq.0b013e31815b7ed6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garra B.S. Imaging and estimation of tissue elasticity by ultrasound. Ultrasound Q. 2007;23:255–268. DOI: 10.1097/ruq.0b013e31815b7ed6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hall T.J. AAPM/RSNA physics tutorial for residents: topics in US: beyond the basics: elasticity imaging with US. Radiographics. 2003;23(6):1657–1671. DOI: 10.1148/rg.236035163</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hall T.J. AAPM/RSNA physics tutorial for residents: topics in US: beyond the basics: elasticity imaging with US. Radiographics. 2003;23(6):1657–1671. DOI: 10.1148/rg.236035163</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ophir J., Céspedes I., Ponnekanti H., Yazdi Y., Li X. Elastography: a quantitative method for imaging the elasticity of biological tissues. Ultrason Imaging . 1991;13(2):111–134. DOI: 10.1177/016173469101300201</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ophir J., Céspedes I., Ponnekanti H., Yazdi Y., Li X. Elastography: a quantitative method for imaging the elasticity of biological tissues. Ultrason Imaging . 1991;13(2):111–134. DOI: 10.1177/016173469101300201</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gennisson J.L., Deffieux T., Fink M., Tanter M. Ultrasound elastography: principles and techniques. Diagnostic and interventional imaging. 2013;94:487–495. DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2013.01.022</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gennisson J.L., Deffieux T., Fink M., Tanter M. Ultrasound elastography: principles and techniques. Diagnostic and interventional imaging.  2013;94:487–495. DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2013.01.022</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sporea I. Clinical elastography. Med Ultrason. 2018;20(3):263–264. DOI: 10.11152/mu-1693</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sporea I. Clinical elastography. Med Ultrason. 2018;20(3):263–264. DOI: 10.11152/mu-1693</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ozturk A., Grajo J.R., Dhyani M., Anthony B.W., Samir A.E. Principles of ultrasound elastography. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2018;43(4):773–785. DOI: 10.1007/s00261-018-1475-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ozturk A., Grajo J.R., Dhyani M., Anthony B.W., Samir A.E. Principles of ultrasound elastography.  Abdom Radiol (NY). 2018;43(4):773–785. DOI: 10.1007/s00261-018-1475-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou H.Y., Yan W.J., Yan H. Q-Elastosonography of lens: a new quantitative measurement for human lens sclerosis in vivo. International Conference on the Lens. 2014;1:19–24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou H.Y., Yan W.J., Yan H. Q-Elastosonography of lens: a new quantitative measurement for human lens sclerosis in vivo. International Conference on the Lens. 2014;1:19–24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hai-Yan Zhou, Hong Yan, Wei-Jia Yan, Xin-Chuan Wang, Qiao-Ying L. Noninvasive stiffness assessment of the human lens nucleus in patients with anisometropia using an ultrasound elastography system. Int J Ophthalmol. 2020;13(3):399–405. DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2020.03.05</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hai-Yan Zhou, Hong Yan, Wei-Jia Yan, Xin-Chuan Wang, Qiao-Ying L. Noninvasive stiffness assessment of the human lens nucleus in patients with anisometropia using an ultrasound elastography system. Int J Ophthalmol. 2020;13(3):399–405. DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2020.03.05</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarvazyan A., Hall T.J., Urban M.U., Fatemi M., Aglyamov S.R., Garra B.S. An overview of elastography-an emerging branch of medical imaging. Curr Med Imaging Rev. 2011;7(4):255–282. DOI: 10.2174/157340511798038684</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarvazyan A., Hall T.J., Urban M.U., Fatemi M., Aglyamov S.R., Garra B.S. An overview of elastography-an emerging branch of medical imaging. Curr Med Imaging Rev. 2011;7(4):255–282. DOI: 10.2174/157340511798038684</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adie S.G., Kennedy B.F., Armstrong J.J. Audio frequency in vivo optical coherence elastography. Phys Med Biol. 2009 May 21;54(10):3129–3139. DOI: 10.1088/00319155/54/10/011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adie  S.G., Kennedy B.F., Armstrong J.J. Audio frequency in vivo optical coherence elastography. Phys Med Biol. 2009 May 21;54(10):3129–3139. DOI: 10.1088/00319155/54/10/011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kennedy B.F., Kennedy K.M., Sampson D.D. A review of optical coherence elastography: fundamentals, techniques and prospects. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron. 2014;20(2):272–288 DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2013.2291445</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kennedy B.F., Kennedy K.M., Sampson D.D. A review of optical coherence elastography: fundamentals, techniques and prospects. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron. 2014;20(2):272–288 DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2013.2291445</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kennedy B.F., Liang X., Adie S.G. In vivo three-dimensional optical coherence elastography. Opt Express. 2011;19(7):6623–6634. DOI: 10.1364/OE.19.006623</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kennedy B.F., Liang X., Adie S.G. In vivo three-dimensional optical coherence elastography. Opt Express. 2011;19(7):6623–6634. DOI: 10.1364/OE.19.006623</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qi W., Chen R., Chou L. Phase-resolved acoustic radiation force optical coherence elastography. J Biomed Opt. 2012;17(11):110505. DOI: 10.1117/1.JBO.17.11.110505</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qi W., Chen R., Chou L. Phase-resolved acoustic radiation force optical coherence elastography. J Biomed Opt. 2012;17(11):110505. DOI: 10.1117/1.JBO.17.11.110505</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang S., Larin K.V. Shear wave imaging optical coherence tomography (SWI-OCT) for ocular tissue biomechanics. Opt Lett. 2014;39:41–44. DOI: 10.1364%2FOL.39.000041</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang S., Larin K.V. Shear wave imaging optical coherence tomography (SWI-OCT) for ocular tissue biomechanics. Opt Lett. 2014;39:41–44. DOI: 10.1364%2FOL.39.000041</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun C., Standish B., Yang V.X. Optical coherence elastography: current status and future applications. J Biomed Opt. 2011 Apr;16(4):043001. DOI:10.1117/1.3560294</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun C., Standish B., Yang V.X. Optical coherence elastography: current status and future applications. J Biomed Opt. 2011 Apr;16(4):043001. DOI:10.1117/1.3560294</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu C., Han Z., Wang S. Assessing age-related changes in the biomechanical properties of rabbit lens using a coaligned ultrasound and optical coherence elastography system. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56(2):1292–1300. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.1415654</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu C., Han Z., Wang S. Assessing age-related changes in the biomechanical properties of rabbit lens using a coaligned ultrasound and optical coherence elastography system. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56(2):1292–1300. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.1415654</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buckhurst H., Gilmartin B., Cubbidge R.P., Nagra M., Logan N.S. Ocular biometric correlates of ciliary muscle thickness in human myopia. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2013;33(3):294–304. DOI: 10.1111/opo.12039</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buckhurst H., Gilmartin B., Cubbidge R.P., Nagra M., Logan N.S. Ocular biometric correlates of ciliary muscle thickness in human myopia. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2013;33(3):294–304. DOI: 10.1111/opo.12039</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duck F.A. Medical and non-medical protection standards for ultrasound and infrasound. Prog Biophys Mol Biol.2007;93(1–3):176–191. DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.07.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duck F.A. Medical and non-medical protection standards for ultrasound and infrasound. Prog Biophys Mol Biol.2007;93(1–3):176–191. DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.07.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
