ophthalmologyОфтальмологияOphthalmology in Russia1816-50952500-0845Ophthalmology10.18008/1816-5095-2021-4-791-800ophthalmology-1681Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSИдиопатическая внутричерепная гипертензия: современные нейроофтальмологические аспектыIdiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Current Neuroophthalmologic PointsПетраевскийА. В.PetrayevskyA. V.

Петраевский Алексей Владимирович, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой офтальмологии

пл. Павших борцов, 1, Волгоград, 400161

Petrayevsky Alexey V., MD, Professor, head of ophthalmology department

Pavshih bortsov sq., 1, Volgograd, 400161

ТришкинК. С.TrishkinK. S.

Тришкин Константин Сергеевич, кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры офтальмологии

пл. Павших борцов, 1, Волгоград, 400161

Trishkin Konstantin S., PhD, Assistant Professor of ophthalmology department

Pavshih bortsov sq., 1, Volgograd, 400161

konst.trishkin@gmail.comГндоянИ. А.GndoyanI. A.

Гндоян Ирина Асатуровна, доктор медицинских наук, доцент, профессор кафедры офтальмологии

пл. Павших борцов, 1, Волгоград, 400161

Gndoyan Irina A., MD, Professor of ophthalmology department

Pavshih bortsov sq., 1, Volgograd, 400161

ФГБОУ ВО «Волгоградский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииРоссияVolgograd State Medical UniversityRussian Federation202128122021184791800Copyright © Петраевский А.В., Тришкин К.С., Гндоян И.А., 20212021Петраевский А.В., Тришкин К.С., Гндоян И.А.Petrayevsky A.V., Trishkin K.S., Gndoyan I.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.ophthalmojournal.com/opht/article/view/1681

Идиопатическая внутричерепная гипертензия (ИВЧГ) представляет собой нейроофтальмологический синдром, главными офтальмологическими симптомами которого являются снижение зрения и двусторонний отек диска зрительного нерва (ДЗН). В статье приведен обзор данных о различных аспектах ИВЧГ. Эпидемиология: ИВЧГ отмечается преимущественно у женщин в возрасте 20–45 лет с избыточным весом. Заболеваемость в мире в этой группе пациентов составляет 12–20 на 100 тыс. населения в год, в общей популяции она насчитывает 0,5–2 случая на 100 тыс. населения в год, что демонстрирует восьмикратное гендерное превалирование женщин с ИВЧГ. Этиология до настоящего времени до конца не известна. Достоверно установлена связь заболевания с ожирением у женщин детородного возраста и изменением гормонального статуса в виде нарушения менструального цикла. Вероятными механизмами повышения ВЧД полагают гиперпродукцию спинномозговой жидкости (СМЖ) и нарушение ее абсорбции, механическое давление СМЖ на оболочки зрительного нерва; затруднение венозного оттока из головного мозга из-за нарушения проходимости венозных синусов; стимулирующее влияние витамина А при его избытке в пищевом рационе на образование жировой ткани с развитием ожирения; экспрессию белка аквапорина, участвующего в регуляции массы тела и водного обмена в субарахноидальном пространстве. Клиническая картина. Офтальмологические симптомы ИВЧГ: транзиторные нарушения зрения, устойчивое снижение остроты зрения, фотопсии, ретробульбарные боли, диплопия. Неофтальмологические симптомы: головная боль, пульсирующий шум в ушах, снижение слуха, головокружение. Диагностика. Ценные данные могут быть получены при исследовании поля зрения, офтальмоскопии с выявлением двустороннего отека ДЗН, оптической когерентной томографии ДЗН и сетчатки, ультразвуковом исследовании орбит, МРТ головного мозга с венографией. Лечение включает: немедикаментозную терапию — снижение массы тела, низкокалорийную диету с ограничением поступления жидкости и потребления соли. Медикаментозная терапия включает длительное пероральное применение ингибиторов карбоангидразы (ацетазоламид, топирамат). Для краткосрочного лечения пациентов с молниеносным течением заболевания перед хирургическим вмешательством используют высокие дозы стероидов (метилпреднизон). Хирургическое лечение — шунтирование, стентирование поперечного синуса и фенестрация оболочки зрительного нерва; бариатрическая хирургия с уменьшением объема желудка.

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (ICH) is a neuroophophthalmologic syndrome, the main ophthalmologic symptoms of which are vision loss and bilateral swelling of optic nerve disks (OD). The article provides a review covering various aspects of ICH. Epidemiology: ICH occurs mainly in women aged 20–45 years with body overweight. In this group of patients world incidence is 12–20 per 100 000 of population per year. In the total population it represents 0.5–2 cases per 100 000 of population per year. The eightfold gender predominance of women with ICH is observed. Etiology is not fully known until present time. The reliable connection between obesity in childbearing age women and menstrual cycle disorders as evidences of hormonal changes has been established. The probable mechanisms of increase of ICP are supposed: hyperproduction of and disturbances of its absorption, CSF mechanical pressure on the optic nerve sheath; restriction of venous outflow from the brain due to the pathology of venous sinuses; stimulating effect of abundant vitamin A in diet resulting in the fat tissue formation with the development of obesity; expression of the protein aquaporin, involved in the regulation of body mass and water metabolism in the subarachnoid space. Clinical manifestations. Ophthalmologic symptoms of ICH: transient visual impairment, sustained loss of visual acuity, photopsy, retrobulbar pain, diplopia. Non-ophthalmologic symptoms: headache, throbbing tinnitus, hearing loss, dizziness. Diagnostics. The valuable diagnostic data can be obtained by visual field investigation, ophthalmoscopic examination with revealing of bilateral OD-edema, OD and retinal optical coherent tomography, orbital ultrasound examination, brain MRI with venography. Treatment. Non-drug therapy: weight loss, lowcalorie diet with limited water and salt intake. Drug therapy: long-term oral use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (acetazolamide, topiramate). High doses of steroids (methylprednisone) are used for short-term treatment of patients with fulminant disease type before surgery. Surgery: bypass surgery, cerebral venous sinus stenting and fenestrations of the optic nerve sheath: bariatric surgery with reducing of stomach volume.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.