ophthalmologyОфтальмологияOphthalmology in Russia1816-50952500-0845Ophthalmology10.18008/1816-5095-2022-1-38-45ophthalmology-1768Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSНейротрофический кератит. Этиология, патогенез, клинические проявления. Обзор литературы. Часть 1Neurotrophic Keratitis. Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations. Review. Part 1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8594-2395КаспароваЕ. А.KasparovaE. A.

Каспарова Евгения Аркадьевна, кандидат медицинских наук, ведущий научный сотрудник отдела патологии оптических сред глаза

ул. Россолимо, 11а, б, Москва, 119021

Kasparova Evgeniya A., PhD, Leading Research Officer of the optical media of the eye pathology department

Rossolimo str., 11A, B, Moscow, 119021

kasparova_jane@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-237XМарченкоН. Р.MarchenkoN. R.

Марченко Николай Ростиславович, кандидат медицинских наук, научный сотрудник отдела патологии оптических сред глаза

ул. Россолимо, 11а, б, Москва, 119021

Marchenko Nikolay R., PhD, Research Officer of the optical media of the eye pathology department

Rossolimo str., 11A, B, Moscow, 119021

ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт глазных болезней»РоссияResearch Institute of Eye DiseasesRussian Federation2022060420221913845Copyright © Каспарова Е.А., Марченко Н.Р., 20222022Каспарова Е.А., Марченко Н.Р.Kasparova E.A., Marchenko N.R.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.ophthalmojournal.com/opht/article/view/1768

Нейротрофический кератит (также называемый нейротрофической кератопатией) (НТК) представляет собой дегенеративное заболевание роговицы, сопровождающееся нейрогенным воспалением. Оно обусловлено нарушением чувствительной иннервации тройничного нерва и характеризуется пониженной чувствительностью роговицы и нарушением процесса ее заживления. Вызывающие НТК повреждения тройничного нерва могут происходить на разных уровнях — от ядра до окончаний, расположенных в роговице, и быть обусловлены как глазными, так и системными заболеваниями. К наиболее распространенным причинам можно отнести герпетический кератит, диабет, химические ожоги, ятрогенные травмы при офтальмологических операциях, внутричерепные новообразования, нарушения мозгового кровообращения и нейрохирургические вмешательства. Изменения роговицы включают эпителиопатию (I степень), персистирующую эрозию (II степень), язву и ее осложнения (III степень). Определяющим диагностическим признаком НТК является снижение или потеря чувствительности роговицы. Морфологические характеристики нервов роговицы могут быть исследованы с помощью конфокальной микроскопии.

Neurotrophic keratitis (also called neurotrophic keratopathy) (NTK) is a degenerative disease of the cornea, accompanied with neurogenic inflammation. It caused by a sensitive innervation loss of the trigeminal nerve and characterized by reduced sensitivity of the cornea and a retardation of its healing process. NTC-causing damage to the trigeminal nerve can occur at different levels-from the nucleus to the terminals located in the cornea, and can be caused by ocular and systemic diseases both. The most common causes include herpetic keratitis, diabetes, chemical burns and iatrogenic injuries during ophthalmic operations, intracranial neoplasms, disorders of cerebral circulation and neurosurgical interventions. Corneal changes include epitheliopathy (grade I), persistent erosion (grade II), ulcer and its complications (grade III). The determining diagnostic sign of NTK is a decrease or loss of corneal sensitivity. The morphological characteristics of the corneal nerves can be studied using confocal microscopy.

нейротрофический кератитнейротрофическая кератопатияэрозия роговицыязва роговицынейрогенное воспалениерасплавление роговицынервы роговицыфактор роста нервовneurotrophic keratitisneurotrophic keratopathycorneal erosioncorneal ulcerneurogenic inflammationcorneal meltingcorneal nervesnerve growth factorReferencesDua H.S., Said D.G., Messmer E.M., Rolando M., Benitez-Del-Castillo J.M., Hossain P.N., Shortt A.J., Geerling G., Nubile M., Figueiredo F.C., Rauz S., Mastropasqua L., Rama P., Baudouin C. Neurotrophic keratopathy. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 2018 Sep;66:107–131. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.04.003Dua H.S., Said D.G., Messmer E.M., Rolando M., Benitez-Del-Castillo J.M., Hossain P.N., Shortt A.J., Geerling G., Nubile M., Figueiredo F.C., Rauz S., Mastropasqua L., Rama P., Baudouin C. Neurotrophic keratopathy. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 2018 Sep;66:107–131. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.04.003Muller L.J., Marfurt C.F., Kruse F., Tervo T.M. Corneal nerves: structure, contents and function. Exp Eye Res. 2003;76(5):521–542.Muller L.J., Marfurt C.F., Kruse F., Tervo T.M. Corneal nerves: structure, contents and function. Exp Eye Res. 2003;76(5):521–542.Sigelman S., Friedenwald J.S. Mitotic and wound healing activities of the corneal epithelium: effect of sensory denervation. Arch Ophthalmol. 1954;52:46–57.Sigelman S., Friedenwald J.S. Mitotic and wound healing activities of the corneal epithelium: effect of sensory denervation. Arch Ophthalmol. 1954;52:46–57.Simone S. De ricerche sul contenuto in acqua totale ed in azoto totale della cornea di coniglio in condizione di cheratite neuroparalitica sperimentale. Arch Ottalmol. 1958;62:151.Simone S. De ricerche sul contenuto in acqua totale ed in azoto totale della cornea di coniglio in condizione di cheratite neuroparalitica sperimentale. Arch Ottalmol. 1958;62:151.Mackie I.A. Neuroparalytic keratitis. In: Fraunfelder F., Roy F.H., Meyer S.M., editors. Current Ocular Therapy. Philadelphia, PA, USA: WB Saunders; 1995.Mackie I.A. Neuroparalytic keratitis. In: Fraunfelder F., Roy F.H., Meyer S.M., editors. Current Ocular Therapy. Philadelphia, PA, USA: WB Saunders; 1995.Sacchetti M., Lambiase A., Diagnosis and management of neurotrophic keratitis. Clin. Ophthalmol. 2014;8:571–579. DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S45921Sacchetti M., Lambiase A., Diagnosis and management of neurotrophic keratitis. Clin. Ophthalmol. 2014;8:571–579. DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S45921Labetoulle M., Auquier P., Conrad H., Crochard A., Daniloski M., Bouee S., El Hasnaoui A., Colin J. Incidence of herpes simplex virus keratitis in France. Ophthalmology. 2005;112:888–895.Labetoulle M., Auquier P., Conrad H., Crochard A., Daniloski M., Bouee S., El Hasnaoui A., Colin J. Incidence of herpes simplex virus keratitis in France. Ophthalmology. 2005;112:888–895.Dworkin R.H., Johnson R.W., Breuer J., Gnann J.W., Levin M.J., Backonja M., Betts R.F., Gershon A.A., Haanpaa M.L., McKendrick M.W., Nurmikko T.J., Oaklander A.L., Oxman M.N., Pavan-Langston D., Petersen K.L., Rowbotham M.C., Schmader K.E., Stacey B.R., Tyring S.K., van Wijck A.J., Wallace M.S., Wassilew S.W., Whitley R.J. Recommendations for the management of herpes zoster. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2007;44 (Suppl. 1):S1–S26.Dworkin R.H., Johnson R.W., Breuer J., Gnann J.W., Levin M.J., Backonja M., Betts R.F., Gershon A.A., Haanpaa M.L., McKendrick M.W., Nurmikko T.J., Oaklander A.L., Oxman M.N., Pavan-Langston D., Petersen K.L., Rowbotham M.C., Schmader K.E., Stacey B.R., Tyring S.K., van Wijck A.J., Wallace M.S., Wassilew S.W., Whitley R.J. Recommendations for the management of herpes zoster. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2007;44 (Suppl. 1):S1–S26.Bhatti M.T., Patel R. Neuro-ophthalmic considerations in trigeminal neuralgia and its surgical treatment. Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol. 2005;16:334–340.Bhatti M.T., Patel R. Neuro-ophthalmic considerations in trigeminal neuralgia and its surgical treatment. Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol. 2005;16:334–340.Azuma M., Yabuta C., Fraunfelder F.W., Shearer T.R. Dry Eye in LASIK Patients, BMC Res Notes. 2014;7:420. DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-420Azuma M., Yabuta C., Fraunfelder F.W., Shearer T.R. Dry Eye in LASIK Patients, BMC Res Notes. 2014;7:420. DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-420Versura P., Giannaccare G., Pellegrini M., Sebastiani S., Campos E.C. Neurotrophic keratitis: current challenges and future prospects. Eye Brain. 2018;10:37–45. DOI: 10.2147/EB.S117261Versura P., Giannaccare G., Pellegrini M., Sebastiani S., Campos E.C. Neurotrophic keratitis: current challenges and future prospects. Eye Brain. 2018;10:37–45. DOI: 10.2147/EB.S117261Hamrah P., Cruzat A., Dastjerdi M.H., Zheng L., Shahatit B.M., Bayhan H.A., Dana R. Pavan-Langston Corneal sensation and subbasal nerve alterations in patients with herpes simplex keratitis: an in vivo confocal microscopy study. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(10):1930–1936. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.07.010Hamrah P., Cruzat A., Dastjerdi M.H., Zheng L., Shahatit B.M., Bayhan H.A., Dana R. Pavan-Langston Corneal sensation and subbasal nerve alterations in patients with herpes simplex keratitis: an in vivo confocal microscopy study. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(10):1930–1936. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.07.010Lee B.H., McLaren J.W., Erie J.C., Hodge D.O., Bourne W.M. Reinnervation in the cornea after LASIK. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43(12):3660–3664.Lee B.H., McLaren J.W., Erie J.C., Hodge D.O., Bourne W.M. Reinnervation in the cornea after LASIK. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43(12):3660–3664.Semeraro F., Forbice E., Romano V. Neurotrophic keratitis. Ophthalmologica. 2014;231(4):191–197. DOI: 10.1159/000354380Semeraro F., Forbice E., Romano V. Neurotrophic keratitis. Ophthalmologica. 2014;231(4):191–197. DOI: 10.1159/000354380Каспарова Евг.А., Каспаров А.А., Собкова О.И., Каспарова Ел.А., Розинова В.Н. Способ лечения гнойной язвы роговицы, развившейся на глазах с нейротрофическим кератитом и лагофтальмом. Вестник офтальмологии. 2019;135(5) ч. 2:220–225. DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2019135052220Kasparova Evg.A., Kasparov A.A., Sobkova O.I., Kasparova El.A., Rozinova V.N. A method of treating purulent corneal ulcers that have developed in the eyes with neurotrophic keratitis and lagophthalmos. Annals of Ophthalmology = Vestnik oftal’mologii 2019;135(5) p. 2:220–225 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2019135052220Tavakoli M., Marshall A., Pitceathly R. Corneal confocal microscopy: a novel means to detect nerve fibre damage in idiopathic small fibre neuropathy. Exp Neurol. 2010;223(1):245–250. DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.08.033Tavakoli M., Marshall A., Pitceathly R. Corneal confocal microscopy: a novel means to detect nerve fibre damage in idiopathic small fibre neuropathy. Exp Neurol. 2010;223(1):245–250. DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.08.033Аветисов С.Э., Черненкова Н.А., Cурнина З.В., Ахмеджанова Л.Т., Фокина А.С., Строков И.А. Возможности ранней диагностики диабетической полинейропатии на основе исследования нервных волокон роговицы. Вестник офтальмологии 2020;136(5):155–162. DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2020136052155Avetisov S.E., Chernenkova N.A., Curnina Z.V., Ahmedzhanova L.T., Fokina A.S., Strokov I.A. The possibilities of early diagnosis of diabetic polyneuropathy based on the study of corneal nerve fibers. Annals of Ophthalmology = Vestnik oftal’mologii 2020;136(5):155–162 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2020136052155Banerjee P.J., Chandra A., Sullivan P.M., Charteris D.G. Neurotrophic corneal ulceration after retinal detachment surgery with retinectomy and endolaser: a case series. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132(6):750–752. DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.280Banerjee P.J., Chandra A., Sullivan P.M., Charteris D.G. Neurotrophic corneal ulceration after retinal detachment surgery with retinectomy and endolaser: a case series. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132(6):750–752. DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.280Qi H., Chuang E.Y., Yoon K.C., de Paiva C.S., Shine H.D., Jones D.B., Pflugfelder S.C., Li D.Q. Patterned expression of neurotrophic factors and receptors in human limbal and corneal regions. Mol. Vis. 2007;13:1934–1941.Qi H., Chuang E.Y., Yoon K.C., de Paiva C.S., Shine H.D., Jones D.B., Pflugfelder S.C., Li D.Q. Patterned expression of neurotrophic factors and receptors in human limbal and corneal regions. Mol. Vis. 2007;13:1934–1941.Levi-Montalcini R. The nerve growth factor 35 years later. Science. 1987;237(4819):1154–1162.Levi-Montalcini R. The nerve growth factor 35 years later. Science. 1987;237(4819):1154–1162.Bonini S., Aloe L., Bonini S., Rama P., Lamagna A., Lambiase A. Nerve growth factor (NGF): an important molecule for trophism and healing of the ocular surface. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2002;506(Pt A):531–537. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0717-8_75Bonini S., Aloe L., Bonini S., Rama P., Lamagna A., Lambiase A. Nerve growth factor (NGF): an important molecule for trophism and healing of the ocular surface. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2002;506(Pt A):531–537. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0717-8_75Lambiase A., Manni L., Bonini S., Rama P., Micera A., Aloe L. Nerve growth factor promotes corneal healing: structural, biochemical, and molecular analyses of rat and human corneas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41(5):1063–1069.Lambiase A., Manni L., Bonini S., Rama P., Micera A., Aloe L. Nerve growth factor promotes corneal healing: structural, biochemical, and molecular analyses of rat and human corneas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41(5):1063–1069.Heigle T.J., Pflugfelder S.C. Aqueous tear production in patients with neurotrophic keratitis. Cornea. 1996;15(2):135–138.Heigle T.J., Pflugfelder S.C. Aqueous tear production in patients with neurotrophic keratitis. Cornea. 1996;15(2):135–138.Sacchetti M., Lambiase A. Neurotrophic factors and corneal nerve regeneration. Neural Regen Res. 2017;12(8):1220–1224. DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.213534Sacchetti M., Lambiase A. Neurotrophic factors and corneal nerve regeneration. Neural Regen Res. 2017;12(8):1220–1224. DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.213534Hosoi J., Murphy G.F., Egan C.L., Lerner E.A., Grabbe S., Asahina A., Granstein R.D. Regulation of Langerhans cell function by nerves containing calcitonin generelated peptide. Nature. 1993;363:159–163.Hosoi J., Murphy G.F., Egan C.L., Lerner E.A., Grabbe S., Asahina A., Granstein R.D. Regulation of Langerhans cell function by nerves containing calcitonin generelated peptide. Nature. 1993;363:159–163.Belmonte C., Acosta M.C., Gallar J. Neural basis of sensation in intact and injured corneas. Exp. Eye Res. 2004;78:513–525. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2003.09.023Belmonte C., Acosta M.C., Gallar J. Neural basis of sensation in intact and injured corneas. Exp. Eye Res. 2004;78:513–525. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2003.09.023Baudouin C., Aragona P., Messmer E.M., Tomlinson A., Calonge M., Boboridis K.G., Akova Y.A., Geerling G., Labetoulle M., Rolando M. Role of hyperosmolarity in the pathogenesis and management of dry eye disease: proceedings of the OCEAN group meeting. Ocul. Surf. 2013;11:246–258. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2013.07.003Baudouin C., Aragona P., Messmer E.M., Tomlinson A., Calonge M., Boboridis K.G., Akova Y.A., Geerling G., Labetoulle M., Rolando M. Role of hyperosmolarity in the pathogenesis and management of dry eye disease: proceedings of the OCEAN group meeting. Ocul. Surf. 2013;11:246–258. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2013.07.003Fini M.E., Cook J.R., Mohan R. Proteolytic mechanisms in corneal ulceration and repair. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 1998;290 (Suppl. l):S12–S23.Fini M.E., Cook J.R., Mohan R. Proteolytic mechanisms in corneal ulceration and repair. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 1998;290 (Suppl. l):S12–S23.Mohammed I., Said D.G., Dua H.S. Human antimicrobial peptides in ocular surface defense. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 2017;61:1–22. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.03.004Mohammed I., Said D.G., Dua H.S. Human antimicrobial peptides in ocular surface defense. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 2017;61:1–22. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.03.004Pflugfelder S.C., Farley W., Luo L., Chen L.Z., de Paiva C.S., Olmos L.C., Li D.Q., Fini M.E. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 knockout confers resistance to corneal epithelial barrier disruption in experimental dry eye. Am. J. Pathol. 2005;166:61–71. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)62232-8Pflugfelder S.C., Farley W., Luo L., Chen L.Z., de Paiva C.S., Olmos L.C., Li D.Q., Fini M.E. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 knockout confers resistance to corneal epithelial barrier disruption in experimental dry eye. Am. J. Pathol. 2005;166:61–71. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)62232-8Chotikavanich S., de Paiva C.S., de Li Q., Chen J.J., Bian F., Farley W.J., Pflugfelder S.C. Production and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 on the ocularsurface increase in dysfunctional tear syndrome. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2009;50:3203–3209. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-2476Chotikavanich S., de Paiva C.S., de Li Q., Chen J.J., Bian F., Farley W.J., Pflugfelder S.C. Production and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 on the ocularsurface increase in dysfunctional tear syndrome. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2009;50:3203–3209. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-2476Hamrah P., Cruzat A., Dastjerdi M.H., Prüss H., Zheng L., Shahatit B.M., Bayhan H.A., Dana R., Pavan-Langston D. Unilateral herpes zoster ophthalmicus results inbilateral corneal nerve alteration: an in vivo confocal microscopy study. Ophthalmology 2013;20:40–47. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.07.036Hamrah P., Cruzat A., Dastjerdi M.H., Prüss H., Zheng L., Shahatit B.M., Bayhan H.A., Dana R., Pavan-Langston D. Unilateral herpes zoster ophthalmicus results inbilateral corneal nerve alteration: an in vivo confocal microscopy study. Ophthalmology 2013;20:40–47. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.07.036Cavalcanti B.M., Cruzat A., Sahin A., Pavan-Langston D., Samayoa E., Hamrah P. In vivo confocal microscopy detects bilateral changes of corneal immune cellsand nerves in unilateral herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Ocul. Surf. 2018;16:101–111. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.09.004Cavalcanti B.M., Cruzat A., Sahin A., Pavan-Langston D., Samayoa E., Hamrah P. In vivo confocal microscopy detects bilateral changes of corneal immune cellsand nerves in unilateral herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Ocul. Surf. 2018;16:101–111. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.09.004Yamaguchi T., Turhan A., Harris D.L., Hu K., von Andrian H.P.U., Hamrah P. Bilateral nerve alterations in a unilateral experimental neurotrophic keratopathy model: a lateral conjunctival approach for trigeminal axotomy. PLoS One 2013;14:е70908. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070908Yamaguchi T., Turhan A., Harris D.L., Hu K., von Andrian H.P.U., Hamrah P. Bilateral nerve alterations in a unilateral experimental neurotrophic keratopathy model: a lateral conjunctival approach for trigeminal axotomy. PLoS One 2013;14:е70908. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070908Yamaguchi T., Hamrah P., Shimazaki J. Bilateral alterations in corneal nerves,dendritic cells, and tear cytokine levels in ocular surface disease. Cornea 2016;35(Suppl.1):S65–S70. DOI: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000000989Yamaguchi T., Hamrah P., Shimazaki J. Bilateral alterations in corneal nerves,dendritic cells, and tear cytokine levels in ocular surface disease. Cornea 2016;35(Suppl.1):S65–S70. DOI: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000000989Bonini S., Rama P., Olzi D., Lambiase A. Neurotrophic keratitis. Eye (Lond) 2003;17:989–995.Bonini S., Rama P., Olzi D., Lambiase A. Neurotrophic keratitis. Eye (Lond) 2003;17:989–995.Alio J.L., Pastor S., Ruiz-Colecha J., Rodriguez A., Artola A. Treatment of ocular surface syndrome after LASIK with autologous platelet-rich plasma. J Refract Surg. 2007;23(6):617–619.Alio J.L., Pastor S., Ruiz-Colecha J., Rodriguez A., Artola A. Treatment of ocular surface syndrome after LASIK with autologous platelet-rich plasma. J Refract Surg. 2007;23(6):617–619.Ambrósio R. Jr, Tervo T., Wilson S.E. LASIK-associated dry eye and neurotrophic epitheliopathy: pathophysiology and strategies for prevention and treatment. J Refract Surg. 2008;24(4):396–407. DOI: 10.3928/1081597X-20080401-14Ambrósio R. Jr, Tervo T., Wilson S.E. LASIK-associated dry eye and neurotrophic epitheliopathy: pathophysiology and strategies for prevention and treatment. J Refract Surg. 2008;24(4):396–407. DOI: 10.3928/1081597X-20080401-14Bentivoglio A.R., Bressman S.B., Cassetta E., Carretta D., Tonali P., Albanese A. Analysis of blink rate patterns in normal subjects. Mov Disord. 1997;12(6):1028– 1034. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870120629Bentivoglio A.R., Bressman S.B., Cassetta E., Carretta D., Tonali P., Albanese A. Analysis of blink rate patterns in normal subjects. Mov Disord. 1997;12(6):1028– 1034. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870120629Al-Aqaba M.A., Otri A.M., Fares U., Miri A., Dua H.S. Organization of the regenerated nerves in human corneal grafts. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;153(1):29–37.e4. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2011.06.006Al-Aqaba M.A., Otri A.M., Fares U., Miri A., Dua H.S. Organization of the regenerated nerves in human corneal grafts. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;153(1):29–37.e4. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2011.06.006Zabel R., Mintsioulis G. Hyperplastic precorneal membranes. Extending the Spectrum of Neurotrophic Keratitis. Cornea. 1989;8(4):247–250.Zabel R., Mintsioulis G. Hyperplastic precorneal membranes. Extending the Spectrum of Neurotrophic Keratitis. Cornea. 1989;8(4):247–250.Cavanagh H.D., Colley A.M., Pihlaja D,J. Persistent corneal epithelial defects, Int Ophthalmol Clin 1979;19(2):197–206.Cavanagh H.D., Colley A.M., Pihlaja D,J. Persistent corneal epithelial defects, Int Ophthalmol Clin 1979;19(2):197–206.Радзиховский Б.Л., Лучик В.И. Чувствительность роговицы и ее диагностическое значение в патологии глаза и организма. Киев: Здоров’я, 1974:11–21.Radzihovskiy B.L., Luchik V.I. Corneal sensitivity and its diagnostic significance in the pathology of the eye and the body. Kiev: Zdorov’e. 1974:11–21 (In Russ.).Golebiowski B., Papas E., Stapleton F. Assessing the sensory function of the ocular surface: implications of use of a non-contact air jet aesthesiometer versus the Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer. Exp Eye Res. 2011;92(5):408–413. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.02.016Golebiowski B., Papas E., Stapleton F. Assessing the sensory function of the ocular surface: implications of use of a non-contact air jet aesthesiometer versus the Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer. Exp Eye Res. 2011;92(5):408–413. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.02.016Belmonte C., Acosta M.C., Schmelz M., Gallar J. Measurement of corneal sensitivity to mechanical and chemical stimulation with a CO2 esthesiometer. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999;40(2):513–519.Belmonte C., Acosta M.C., Schmelz M., Gallar J. Measurement of corneal sensitivity to mechanical and chemical stimulation with a CO2 esthesiometer. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999;40(2):513–519.Tesón M., Calonge M., Fernández I., Stern M.E., González-García M.J. Characterization by Belmonte’s gas esthesiometer of mechanical, chemical, and thermal corneal sensitivity thresholds in a normal population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53(6):3154–3160. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-9304Tesón M., Calonge M., Fernández I., Stern M.E., González-García M.J. Characterization by Belmonte’s gas esthesiometer of mechanical, chemical, and thermal corneal sensitivity thresholds in a normal population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53(6):3154–3160. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-9304Dhillon V.K., Elalfy M.S., Al-Aqaba M., Gupta A., Basu S., Dua H.S. Corneal hypoesthesia with normal sub-basal nerve density following surgery for trigeminal neuralgia. Acta Ophthalmol. 2016;94(1):e6–10. DOI: 10.1111/aos.12697Dhillon V.K., Elalfy M.S., Al-Aqaba M., Gupta A., Basu S., Dua H.S. Corneal hypoesthesia with normal sub-basal nerve density following surgery for trigeminal neuralgia. Acta Ophthalmol. 2016;94(1):e6–10. DOI: 10.1111/aos.12697

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.