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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ophthalmology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Офтальмология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Ophthalmology in Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1816-5095</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-0845</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Ophthalmology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18008/1816-5095-2014-2-4-9</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ophthalmology-18</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Возрастная макулярная дегенерация: профилактика и лечение. Обзор</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Age-related macular degeneration: prevention and treatment. A review</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мирзабекова</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mirzabekova</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение Научно-исследовательский институт глазных&#13;
болезней РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Research Institute of Eye Diseases of Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>07</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>4</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мирзабекова К.А., 2014</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мирзабекова К.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mirzabekova K.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ophthalmojournal.com/opht/article/view/18">https://www.ophthalmojournal.com/opht/article/view/18</self-uri><abstract><p>ВМД признана многофакторным заболеванием. Помимо возраста, на возникновение и прогрессирование заболевания влияют световое воздействие, курение, уровень меланина в тканях, дефицит антиоксидантов в рационе. Существенная роль в развитии ВМД отводится сердечно-сосудистым заболеваниям. В центральной зоне сетчатки особенно подвержены повреждению свободными радикалами наружные сегменты фоторецепторов, богатые полиненасыщенными жирными кислотами (ПНЖК), в частности, докозагексаеновой кислотой (ДГК). Высокая скорость кровотока и значительное парциальное давление кислорода на уровне фоторецепторов в этой зоне сетчатки, прямое действие солнечных лучей способствуют окислительным процессам. Источником свободных радикалов в фоторецепторах и ретинальном пигментном эпителии (РПА) является интенсивный митохондриальный обмен, фагоцитоз наружных сегментов фоторецепторов, фототоксическая активность липофусцина и фотосенсибилизация предшественников гемоглобина или протопофирина. Окислительный стресс рассматривается как универсальное звено гибели клеток, которое имеет место при некрозе, апоптозе, токсических повреждениях клетки. Система антиоксидантной защиты включает в себя ферментные и неферментные антиоксиданты. К первой группе относятся супероксидисмутаза (СОД), глютатионпероксидаза, каталаза, ко второй — аскорбиновая кислота, альфа-токоферол, ретинол, каротиноиды. Прием высоких доз специфической антиоксидантной добавки, содержащей аскорбиновую кислоту (500 мг), витамин Е (400 МЕ), b-каротин (15 мг) в сочетании с высокой дозой цинка (80 мг в виде оксида цинка) и 2 мг меди в виде оксида меди, сопровождается 25 % снижением частоты развития поздней стадии ВМД. Среди соединений, способных защитить сетчатку от окислительного стресса и развития ВМД, особую роль отводят каротиноидам. Лютеин и зеаксантин, входящие в состав и сетчатки и хрусталика, экранируют синий свет от центральной зоны сетчатки. Кроме того, они способны поглощать голубой свет и подавлять образование свободных радикалов, предотвращая световое разрушение ПНЖК. Обнаружена зависимость между приемом пищевого лютеина и зеаксантина и риском развития поздних стадий ВMД. К наиболее важным из изученных веществ, нехватка которых способствует формированию дистрофических изменений макулы, помимо каротиноидов, относятся омега-3 жирные кислоты (ЖК), а именно, докозагексаеновая кислота (ДГК), которая участвует в качестве ключевого компонента в превращении зрительного пигмента родопсина и необходима для генерации импульса зрительного нерва.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial disease. Age, light exposure, smoking, melanin levels and low-antioxidant diet are contributed to AMD development and progression. Cardiovascular disorders are of considerable importance as well. In macula, photoreceptor outer segments that are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA), particularly, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are susceptible to free radicals damage. High blood flow velocity and oxygen partial pressure as well as direct sunlight exposure induce oxidative processes. The source of free radicals in photoreceptor cells and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is an extensive mitochondrial metabolism, photoreceptor outer segments phagocytosis, lipofuscin phototoxic activity and hemoglobin or protoporphyrin precursors photosensitization. Oxidative stress is considered as an universal component of cell depth in necrosis, apoptosis and toxic damage. Antioxidant protective system consists of enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase) and non-enzymatic factors (ascorbic acid, alpha tocopherol, retinol, carotenoids). Specific antioxidant food supplement containing ascorbic acid (500 mg), vitamin E (400 IU) and beta carotene (15 mg) coupled with zinc (80 mg of zinc oxide) and copper (2 mg of copper oxide) results in 25 % decrease in late-stage AMD development rate. Amongst the agents that can protect retina from oxidative stress and AMD development, carotenoids are of special importance. Lutein and zeaxanthin containing in retina and lens screen blue light from central area of the retina. They also absorb blue light and inhibit free radicals generation thus preventing polyunsaturated FA light destruction. Association between lutein and zeaxanthin intake and late-stage AMD risk was revealed. Amongst the most important factors which deficiency favors macular degeneration are omega-3 FAs, i.e., DHA. DHA is the key component of visual pigment rhodopsin transformation. It requires for nerve impulse generation.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ВМД</kwd><kwd>антиоксиданты</kwd><kwd>лютеин</kwd><kwd>зеаксантин</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>AMD</kwd><kwd>antioxidants</kwd><kwd>lutein</kwd><kwd>zeaxanthin.</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bressler N. M., Silva J. C., Bressler S. B. et al. Clinicopathologic correlation of drusen and retinal pigment epithelial abnormalities in age-related macular degeneration. Retina 2005; 25:130‑42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bressler N. M., Silva J. C., Bressler S. B. et al. Clinicopathologic correlation of drusen and retinal pigment epithelial abnormalities in age-related macular degeneration. 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