ophthalmologyОфтальмологияOphthalmology in Russia1816-50952500-0845Ophthalmology10.18008/1816-5095-2015-1-8-14ophthalmology-219Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSИсследование биомеханических свойств различных структур глаза: настоящее и перспективыOcular biomechanics study: current state and perspectivesПетровС. Ю.PetrovS. Yu.РещиковаВ. С.ReshchikovaV. S.ВострухинС. В.VostrukhinS. V.amphitrion198@mail.ruАгаджанянТ. М.AgadzhanyanT. M.ПодгорнаяН. Н.PodgornayaN. N.Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научно-исследовательский институт глазных болезней», ул. Россолимо, д. 11A, 119021, Москва, Россия Кафедра глазных болезней государственного образовательного учреждения высшего профессионального образования Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. и.м. Сеченова, ул. Россолимо, д. 11A, 119021, Москва, РоссияРоссияResearch Institute of Eye Diseases, 11A, Rossolimo Str. Moscow, 119021, Russia;
I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 11A, Rossolimo Str. Moscow, 119021, RussiaRussian Federation201531032015121814Copyright © Петров С.Ю., Рещикова В.С., Вострухин С.В., Агаджанян Т.М., Подгорная Н.Н., 20152015Петров С.Ю., Рещикова В.С., Вострухин С.В., Агаджанян Т.М., Подгорная Н.Н.Petrov S.Y., Reshchikova V.S., Vostrukhin S.V., Agadzhanyan T.M., Podgornaya N.N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.ophthalmojournal.com/opht/article/view/219

Несмотря на то, что из-за небольшого размера глазного яблока проведение биомеханических исследований несколько затруднительно, в последние годы было накоплено немало данных по биомеханике глаза. Изучение свойств склеры и решетчатой пластинки помогло понять механизмы развития миопии и открытоугольной глаукомы, радужки и трабекулярной сети — патогенез закрытоугольной глаукомы, стекловидного тела — возникновение отслойки сетчатки и особенности доставки лекарственных средств, роговицы — патогенез кератоконуса, капсулы хрусталика — механизм развития катаракты. В обзоре дается описание современного состояния исследований биомеханических свойств отделов глаза (роговицы, склеры, хрусталика и решетчатой пластинки). Приведены результаты зарубежных и отечественных исследований экспериментального и клинического характера. Продемонстрировано влияние изменений биомеханических свойств глаза на этиологию ряда офтальмологических заболеваний. Показано важное значение изучения биомеханики глаза для разработки новых методов диагностики, терапевтического и хирургического лечения. Приведены результаты изучения влияния биомеханических свойств роговицы на этиологию и патогенез развития кератоконуса и их вклад механизм эффекта кераторефракционной хирургии, описано влияние роговицы на точность тонометрических измерений. Отдельным направлением биомеханических исследований является изучение свойств склеры, их взаимодействие с офтальмотонусом и связь с прогрессирующей миопией. Важной анатомо-физиологической структурой признан аккомодационный аппарат глаза, включающий цилиарное тело и хрусталик. Именно исследовательские работы последних лет позволяют получить ответы на вопросы возрастного снижения аккомодации, связанного с инволюционными процессами в хрусталике. Изучение одного из определяющих факторов развития глаукомной оптической нейропатии — поведения структур диска зрительного нерва в зависимости от колебаний внутриглазного давления — также имеет прямое отношение к биомеханике глаза и находит отражение в серии биомеханических исследований. 

Despite the fact that the eye represents a challenge for biomechanical research due to its size, over the last two decades, much data on ocular biomechanics were accumulated. Scleral and lamina cribrosa biomechanics contribute to our understanding of myopia and open-angle glaucoma; iris and trabecular meshwork biomechanics to that of angle-closure glaucoma; vitreous biomechanics to that of retinal detachment and ocular drug delivery; corneal biomechanics to that of keratoconus; and lens capsule biomechanics to that of cataract. This paper offers a general overview of recent advances in corneal, scleral, crystalline lens, and lamina cribrosa biomechanics and summarizes the results of experimental and clinical studies. Ocular biomechanics abnormalities affect etiology of many eye diseases. Ocular biomechanics plays an important role in the development of novel diagnostic methods, therapeutic and surgical procedures. Corneal biomechanics impacts etiology and pathogenesis of keratoconus as well as tonometry accuracy and explains corneal refractive surgery effect. Scleral biomechanics is associated with IOP and progressive myopia. Accommodative apparatus (ciliary body and crystalline lens) is an important anatomic physiological structure. Recent studies uncovered the causes of agerelated loss of accommodation as a result of lens involution. Optic nerve head abnormalities due to IOP fluctuations are the key factor of glaucomatous neuropathy. They are directly associated with ocular biomechanics as well.

биомеханика глазароговицасклерахрусталикрешетчатая пластинкаригидностьгистерезисвнутриглазное давлениеглаукомаocular biomechanicscorneascleralenslamina cribrosastiffnesshysteresisintraocular pressureglaucomaReferencesRom M.E., Keller W.B., Meyer C.J., Meisler D.M., Chern K.C., Lowder C.Y., Secic M. Relationship between corneal edema and topography. CLAO J. 1995; 21 (3): 191-194.Rom M.E., Keller W.B., Meyer C.J., Meisler D.M., Chern K.C., Lowder C.Y., Secic M. Relationship between corneal edema and topography. CLAO J. 1995; 21 (3): 191-194.Baum J. P., Maurice D. M., McCarey B. E. The active and passive transport of water across the corneal endothelium. Exp. Eye Res. 1984; 39 (3): 335-342.Baum J. P., Maurice D. M., McCarey B. E. The active and passive transport of water across the corneal endothelium. Exp. Eye Res. 1984; 39 (3): 335-342.Dupps W.J. Jr., Roberts C. Effect of acute biomechanical changes on corneal curvature after photokeratectomy. J. Refract. Surg. 2001; 17 (6): 658-669.Dupps W.J. Jr., Roberts C. Effect of acute biomechanical changes on corneal curvature after photokeratectomy. J. Refract. Surg. 2001; 17 (6): 658-669.Avetisov S. E., Egorova G. B., Fedorov A. A., Bobrovskikh N. V. [Confocal microscopy of the cornea. Report 1. Normal morphological pattern]. Konfokal’naya mikroskopiya rogovitsy. Soobshchenie 1. Osobennosti normal’noy morfologicheskoy kartiny. [Annals of Ophthalmology]. Vestnik Oftal’mologii. 2008; 124 (3): 3-5. (in Russ.).Avetisov S. E., Egorova G. B., Fedorov A. A., Bobrovskikh N. V. [Confocal microscopy of the cornea. Report 1. Normal morphological pattern]. Konfokal’naya mikroskopiya rogovitsy. Soobshchenie 1. Osobennosti normal’noy morfologicheskoy kartiny. [Annals of Ophthalmology]. Vestnik Oftal’mologii. 2008; 124 (3): 3-5. (in Russ.).Avetisov S. E., Egorova G. B., Fedorov A. A., Bobrovskikh N. V. [Confocal microscopy of the cornea. Report 2. Morphological changes in keratoconus]. Konfokal’naya mikroskopiya rogovitsy. Soobshchenie 2. Morfologicheskie izmeneniya pri keratokonuse. [Annals of Ophthalmology]. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2008; 124 (3): 6-9. (in Russ.).Avetisov S. E., Egorova G. B., Fedorov A. A., Bobrovskikh N. V. [Confocal microscopy of the cornea. Report 2. Morphological changes in keratoconus]. Konfokal’naya mikroskopiya rogovitsy. Soobshchenie 2. Morfologicheskie izmeneniya pri keratokonuse. [Annals of Ophthalmology]. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2008; 124 (3): 6-9. (in Russ.).Avetisov S.E. [Current aspects of refractive abnormalities correction]. Sovremennye aspekty korrektsii refraktsionnykh narusheniy. [Annals of Ophthalmology]. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2004; 120 (1): 19-22. (in Russ.).Avetisov S.E. [Current aspects of refractive abnormalities correction]. Sovremennye aspekty korrektsii refraktsionnykh narusheniy. [Annals of Ophthalmology]. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2004; 120 (1): 19-22. (in Russ.).Meek K.M., Newton R.H. Organization of collagen fibrils in the corneal stroma in relation to mechanical properties and surgical practice. J. Refract. Surg. 1999; 15 (6): 695-699.Meek K.M., Newton R.H. Organization of collagen fibrils in the corneal stroma in relation to mechanical properties and surgical practice. J. Refract. Surg. 1999; 15 (6): 695-699.Winkler M., Shoa G., Xie Y., Petsche S. J., Pinsky P. M., Juhasz T., Brown D. J., Jester J.V. Three-dimensional distribution of transverse collagen fibers in the anterior human corneal stroma. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2013; 54 (12): 7293-7301.Winkler M., Shoa G., Xie Y., Petsche S. J., Pinsky P. M., Juhasz T., Brown D. J., Jester J.V. Three-dimensional distribution of transverse collagen fibers in the anterior human corneal stroma. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2013; 54 (12): 7293-7301.Dawson D.G., Randleman J.B., Grossniklaus H.E., O’Brien T.P., Dubovy S.R., Schmack I., Stulting R.D., Edelhauser H.F. Corneal ectasia after excimer laser keratorefractive surgery: histopathology, ultrastructure, and pathophysiology. Ophthalmology. 2008; 115 (12): 2181-2191.Dawson D.G., Randleman J.B., Grossniklaus H.E., O’Brien T.P., Dubovy S.R., Schmack I., Stulting R.D., Edelhauser H.F. Corneal ectasia after excimer laser keratorefractive surgery: histopathology, ultrastructure, and pathophysiology. Ophthalmology. 2008; 115 (12): 2181-2191.Аvetisov S. E., Bubnova I. A., Antonov A. A. [Corneal biomechanics: clinical importance, evaluation, systemization of study approaches]. Biomekhanicheskie svoystva rogovitsy: klinicheskoe znachenie, metody issledovaniya, vozmozhnosti sistematizatsii podkhodov k izucheniyu. [Annals of Ophthalmology]. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2010; 126 (6): 3-7. (in Russ.).Аvetisov S. E., Bubnova I. A., Antonov A. A. [Corneal biomechanics: clinical importance, evaluation, systemization of study approaches]. Biomekhanicheskie svoystva rogovitsy: klinicheskoe znachenie, metody issledovaniya, vozmozhnosti sistematizatsii podkhodov k izucheniyu. [Annals of Ophthalmology]. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2010; 126 (6): 3-7. (in Russ.).Аvetisov S.E., Bubnova I.A., Antonov A.A. [The study of corneal biomechanics effect on intraocular pressure measurements]. Issledovanie vliyaniya biomekhanicheskikh svoystv rogovitsy na pokazateli tonometrii. [Bulletin of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences]. Byulleten’ Sibirskogo otdeleniya Rossiyskoy akademii meditsinskikh nauk. 2009; 29 (4): 30-33. (in Russ.).Аvetisov S.E., Bubnova I.A., Antonov A.A. [The study of corneal biomechanics effect on intraocular pressure measurements]. Issledovanie vliyaniya biomekhanicheskikh svoystv rogovitsy na pokazateli tonometrii. [Bulletin of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences]. Byulleten’ Sibirskogo otdeleniya Rossiyskoy akademii meditsinskikh nauk. 2009; 29 (4): 30-33. (in Russ.).Bikbov M. M., Surkova V. K. [Corneal collagen crosslinking in keratoconus treatment. A review]. Metod perekrestnogo svyazyvaniya kollagena rogovitsy pri keratokonuse. Obzor literatury. [Ophthalmology]. Oftal’mologiya. 2014; 11 (3): 13-18. (in Russ.).Bikbov M. M., Surkova V. K. [Corneal collagen crosslinking in keratoconus treatment. A review]. Metod perekrestnogo svyazyvaniya kollagena rogovitsy pri keratokonuse. Obzor literatury. [Ophthalmology]. Oftal’mologiya. 2014; 11 (3): 13-18. (in Russ.).Avetisov S. E., Novikov I. A., Bubnova I. A., Antonov A. A., Siplivyi V. I. Determination of corneal elasticity coefficient using the ORA database. J. Refract. Surg. 2010; 26 (7): 520-524.Avetisov S. E., Novikov I. A., Bubnova I. A., Antonov A. A., Siplivyi V. I. Determination of corneal elasticity coefficient using the ORA database. J. Refract. Surg. 2010; 26 (7): 520-524.Erichev V.P., Eryomina M.V., Yakoubova L.V., Arefyeva U.A. [Ocular Response Analyzer in cornea viscoelasticity evaluation in normal eyes]. Analizator biomekhanicheskikh svoystv glaza v otsenke vyazko-elasticheskikh svoystv rogovitsy v zdorovykh glazakh. [Glaucoma]. Glaukoma. 2007; (1): 11-15 (in Russ.).Erichev V.P., Eryomina M.V., Yakoubova L.V., Arefyeva U.A. [Ocular Response Analyzer in cornea viscoelasticity evaluation in normal eyes]. Analizator biomekhanicheskikh svoystv glaza v otsenke vyazko-elasticheskikh svoystv rogovitsy v zdorovykh glazakh. [Glaucoma]. Glaukoma. 2007; (1): 11-15 (in Russ.).Eryomina M. V., Erichev V. P., Yakoubova L. V. [The effect of central corneal thickness on intraocular pressure in normal and glaucomatous eyes]. Vliyanie tsentral’noy tolshchiny rogovitsy na uroven’ vnutriglaznogo davleniya v norme i pri glaukome. [Glaucoma]. Glaukoma. 2006; (4): 78-83 (in Russ.).Eryomina M. V., Erichev V. P., Yakoubova L. V. [The effect of central corneal thickness on intraocular pressure in normal and glaucomatous eyes]. Vliyanie tsentral’noy tolshchiny rogovitsy na uroven’ vnutriglaznogo davleniya v norme i pri glaukome. [Glaucoma]. Glaukoma. 2006; (4): 78-83 (in Russ.).Arutunyan L. L., Erichev V. P, Filippova O. M., Akopyan A. I. [Cornea viscoelastic properties in primary open-angle glaucoma]. Vyazkoelasticheskie svoystva rogovitsy pri pervichnoy otkrytougol’noy glaukome. [Glaucoma]. Glaukoma. 2007; (1): 62-65. (in Russ.)Arutunyan L. L., Erichev V. P, Filippova O. M., Akopyan A. I. [Cornea viscoelastic properties in primary open-angle glaucoma]. Vyazkoelasticheskie svoystva rogovitsy pri pervichnoy otkrytougol’noy glaukome. [Glaucoma]. Glaukoma. 2007; (1): 62-65. (in Russ.)Akopyan A.I., Erichev V.P., lomdina E. N. [Value of fibrous capsule biomechanical properties in interpreting of glaucoma, myopia and their combination development]. Tsennost’ biomekhanicheskikh parametrov glaza v traktovke razvitiya glaukomy, miopii i sochetannoy patologii. [Glaucoma]. Glaukoma. 2008; (1): 9-14. (in Russ.)Akopyan A.I., Erichev V.P., lomdina E. N. [Value of fibrous capsule biomechanical properties in interpreting of glaucoma, myopia and their combination development]. Tsennost’ biomekhanicheskikh parametrov glaza v traktovke razvitiya glaukomy, miopii i sochetannoy patologii. [Glaucoma]. Glaukoma. 2008; (1): 9-14. (in Russ.)Kirwan C., O’Malley D., O’Keefe M. Corneal hysteresis and corneal resistance factor in keratoectasia: findings using the Reichert ocular response analyzer. Ophthalmologica. 2008; 222 (5): 334-337.Kirwan C., O’Malley D., O’Keefe M. Corneal hysteresis and corneal resistance factor in keratoectasia: findings using the Reichert ocular response analyzer. Ophthalmologica. 2008; 222 (5): 334-337.Avetisov S. E., Bubnova I. A., Antonov A. A. [Experimental research of cornea mechanical properties in normotensive and primary open-angle glaucoma patients]. Issledovanie biomekhanicheskikh svoystv rogovitsy u patsientov s normotenzivnoy i pervichnoy otkrytougol’noy glaukomoy. [Annals of Ophthalmology]. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2001; 3: 83. (in Russ.).Avetisov S. E., Bubnova I. A., Antonov A. A. [Experimental research of cornea mechanical properties in normotensive and primary open-angle glaucoma patients]. Issledovanie biomekhanicheskikh svoystv rogovitsy u patsientov s normotenzivnoy i pervichnoy otkrytougol’noy glaukomoy. [Annals of Ophthalmology]. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2001; 3: 83. (in Russ.).Аvetisov S.E., Petrov S.Yu., Bubnova I.A., Antonov A.A. Аvetisov К.S. [Central corneal thickness effect on tonometry results (a review)]. Vliyanie tsentral’noy tolshchiny rogovitsy na rezul’taty tonometrii (obzor literatury). [Annals of Ophthalmology]. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2008; 124 (5): 1-7. (in Russ.).Аvetisov S.E., Petrov S.Yu., Bubnova I.A., Antonov A.A. Аvetisov К.S. [Central corneal thickness effect on tonometry results (a review)]. Vliyanie tsentral’noy tolshchiny rogovitsy na rezul’taty tonometrii (obzor literatury). [Annals of Ophthalmology]. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2008; 124 (5): 1-7. (in Russ.).Аvetisov S. E., Petrov S. Yu., Bubnova I. A., Аvetisov К. S. [Possible effect of corneal thickness on IOP level]. Vozmozhnoe vliyanie tolshchiny rogovitsy na pokazatel’ vnutriglaznogo davleniya. [Current Diagnostic and Treatment Methods of Corneal and Scleral Disorders]. Sovremennye metody diagnostiki i lecheniya zabolevaniy rogovitsy i sklery. 2007: 240-242. (In Russ).Аvetisov S. E., Petrov S. Yu., Bubnova I. A., Аvetisov К. S. [Possible effect of corneal thickness on IOP level]. Vozmozhnoe vliyanie tolshchiny rogovitsy na pokazatel’ vnutriglaznogo davleniya. [Current Diagnostic and Treatment Methods of Corneal and Scleral Disorders]. Sovremennye metody diagnostiki i lecheniya zabolevaniy rogovitsy i sklery. 2007: 240-242. (In Russ).Avetisov S. E., Bubnova I. A., Antonov A. A. [Age-related changes of ocular fibrous tunic biomechanical properties]. Vozrastnye izmeneniya biomekhanicheskikh svoystv fibroznoy obolochki glaza. [Glaucoma]. Glaukoma. 2013; 3: 10-15. (in Russ.).Avetisov S. E., Bubnova I. A., Antonov A. A. [Age-related changes of ocular fibrous tunic biomechanical properties]. Vozrastnye izmeneniya biomekhanicheskikh svoystv fibroznoy obolochki glaza. [Glaucoma]. Glaukoma. 2013; 3: 10-15. (in Russ.).Avetisov S. E., Bubnova I. A., Petrov S. Yu., Antonov A. A. [Corneal resistance factor in tonometry result interpreting]. Znachenie faktora rezistentnosti rogovitsy v traktovke rezul’tatov tonometrii. [Glaucoma]. Glaukoma. 2012; 1: 12-15. (in Russ.).Avetisov S. E., Bubnova I. A., Petrov S. Yu., Antonov A. A. [Corneal resistance factor in tonometry result interpreting]. Znachenie faktora rezistentnosti rogovitsy v traktovke rezul’tatov tonometrii. [Glaucoma]. Glaukoma. 2012; 1: 12-15. (in Russ.).Scarcelli G., Kling S., Quijano E., Pineda R., Marcos S., Yun S.H. Brillouin microscopy of collagen crosslinking: noncontact depth-dependent analysis of corneal elastic modulus. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2013; 54 (2): 1418-1425.Scarcelli G., Kling S., Quijano E., Pineda R., Marcos S., Yun S.H. Brillouin microscopy of collagen crosslinking: noncontact depth-dependent analysis of corneal elastic modulus. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2013; 54 (2): 1418-1425.Аvetisov S.E., Voronin G.V. [Experimental research of corneal mechanical properties after excimer laser photoablation]. Eksperimental’noe issledovanie mekhanicheskikh kharakteristik rogovitsy posle eksimerlazernoy fotoablyatsii. [Clinical Ophthalmology]. Klinicheskaya oftal’mologiya. 2001; 3: 83. (In Russ).Аvetisov S.E., Voronin G.V. [Experimental research of corneal mechanical properties after excimer laser photoablation]. Eksperimental’noe issledovanie mekhanicheskikh kharakteristik rogovitsy posle eksimerlazernoy fotoablyatsii. [Clinical Ophthalmology]. Klinicheskaya oftal’mologiya. 2001; 3: 83. (In Russ).Avetisov S.E., Mamikonyan V.R. [Keratorefractive surgery]. Keratorefraktsionnaya khirurgiya. Moscow, Poligran, 1993. (in Russ.).Avetisov S.E., Mamikonyan V.R. [Keratorefractive surgery]. Keratorefraktsionnaya khirurgiya. Moscow, Poligran, 1993. (in Russ.).Avetisov S.E., Mamikonyan V.R., Zavalishin N.N., Nenyukov A.K. [Experimental study of corneal and adjacent scleral mechanical properties]. Eksperimental’noe issledovanie mekhanicheskikh kharakteristik rogovitsy i prilegayushchikh uchastkov sklery. [Ophthalmological Journal]. Oftal’mologicheskiy zhurnal. 1988; 4: 233-237. (in Russ.).Avetisov S.E., Mamikonyan V.R., Zavalishin N.N., Nenyukov A.K. [Experimental study of corneal and adjacent scleral mechanical properties]. Eksperimental’noe issledovanie mekhanicheskikh kharakteristik rogovitsy i prilegayushchikh uchastkov sklery. [Ophthalmological Journal]. Oftal’mologicheskiy zhurnal. 1988; 4: 233-237. (in Russ.).Avetisov S.E. [Current approaches to refractive abnormalities correction]. Sovremennye podkhody k korrektsii refraktsionnykh narusheniy. [Annals of Ophthalmology]. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2006; 122 (1): 3-8. (in Russ.).Avetisov S.E. [Current approaches to refractive abnormalities correction]. Sovremennye podkhody k korrektsii refraktsionnykh narusheniy. [Annals of Ophthalmology]. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2006; 122 (1): 3-8. (in Russ.).Roy A.S., Dupps W.J. Jr. Patient-specific computational modeling of keratoconus progression and differential responses to collagen cross-linking. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2011; 52 (12): 9174-9187.Roy A.S., Dupps W.J. Jr. Patient-specific computational modeling of keratoconus progression and differential responses to collagen cross-linking. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2011; 52 (12): 9174-9187.Avetisov S. E., Budzinskaya M. V., Likhvantseva V. G. [Photodynamic therapy: perspectives of its use in ophthalmology]. Fotodinamicheskaya terapiya: perspektivy primeneniya v oftal’mologii. [Annals of Ophthalmology]. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2005; 121 (5): 3-6. (in Russ.).Avetisov S. E., Budzinskaya M. V., Likhvantseva V. G. [Photodynamic therapy: perspectives of its use in ophthalmology]. Fotodinamicheskaya terapiya: perspektivy primeneniya v oftal’mologii. [Annals of Ophthalmology]. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2005; 121 (5): 3-6. (in Russ.).Avetisov S. E., Bubnova I. A., Antonov A. A. [Normal values of biomechanical parameters of fibrous tunic of the eye]. K voprosu o normal’nykh znacheniyakh biomekhanicheskikh parametrov fibroznoy obolochki glaza. [Glaucoma]. Glaukoma. 2012; 11 (3): 5-11. (in Russ.).Avetisov S. E., Bubnova I. A., Antonov A. A. [Normal values of biomechanical parameters of fibrous tunic of the eye]. K voprosu o normal’nykh znacheniyakh biomekhanicheskikh parametrov fibroznoy obolochki glaza. [Glaucoma]. Glaukoma. 2012; 11 (3): 5-11. (in Russ.).Quigley H.A., Addicks E.M. Regional differences in the structure of the lamina cribrosa and their relation to glaucomatous optic nerve damage. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1981; 99 (1): 137-143.Quigley H.A., Addicks E.M. Regional differences in the structure of the lamina cribrosa and their relation to glaucomatous optic nerve damage. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1981; 99 (1): 137-143.Boland M.V., Quigley H.A. Risk factors and open-angle glaucoma: classification and application. J. Glaucoma. 2007; 16 (4): 406-418.Boland M.V., Quigley H.A. Risk factors and open-angle glaucoma: classification and application. J. Glaucoma. 2007; 16 (4): 406-418.Coudrillier B., Tian J., Alexander S., Myers K. M., Quigley H. A., Nguyen T. D. Biomechanics of the human posterior sclera: ageand glaucoma-related changes measured using inflation testing. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2012; 53 (4): 1714-1728.Coudrillier B., Tian J., Alexander S., Myers K. M., Quigley H. A., Nguyen T. D. Biomechanics of the human posterior sclera: ageand glaucoma-related changes measured using inflation testing. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2012; 53 (4): 1714-1728.Ebneter A., Wagels B., Zinkernagel M.S. Non-invasive biometric assessment of ocular rigidity in glaucoma patients and controls. Eye (Lond). 2009; 23 (3): 606-611.Ebneter A., Wagels B., Zinkernagel M.S. Non-invasive biometric assessment of ocular rigidity in glaucoma patients and controls. Eye (Lond). 2009; 23 (3): 606-611.Wong A. A., Brown R. E. A neurobehavioral analysis of the prevention of visual impairment in the DBA/2J mouse model of glaucoma. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2012; 53 (9): 5956-5966.Wong A. A., Brown R. E. A neurobehavioral analysis of the prevention of visual impairment in the DBA/2J mouse model of glaucoma. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2012; 53 (9): 5956-5966.Zhou J., Rappaport E.F., Tobias J.W., Young T.L. Differential gene expression in mouse sclera during ocular development. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2006; 47 (5): 1794-1802.Zhou J., Rappaport E.F., Tobias J.W., Young T.L. Differential gene expression in mouse sclera during ocular development. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2006; 47 (5): 1794-1802.Yan D., McPheeters S., Johnson G., Utzinger U., Vande Geest J.P. Microstructural differences in the human posterior sclera as a function of age and race. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2011; 52 (2): 821-829.Yan D., McPheeters S., Johnson G., Utzinger U., Vande Geest J.P. Microstructural differences in the human posterior sclera as a function of age and race. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2011; 52 (2): 821-829.Tang J., Liu J. Ultrasonic measurement of scleral cross-sectional strains during elevations of intraocular pressure: method validation and initial results in posterior porcine sclera. J. Biomech. Eng. 2012; 134 (9): 091007.Tang J., Liu J. Ultrasonic measurement of scleral cross-sectional strains during elevations of intraocular pressure: method validation and initial results in posterior porcine sclera. J. Biomech. Eng. 2012; 134 (9): 091007.Murienne B. J., Nguyen C. T. D., eds. Proteoglycan contribution to the mechanical behavior of the porcine posterior sclera. ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference; 2012: American Society of Mechanical Engineers.Murienne B. J., Nguyen C. T. D., eds. Proteoglycan contribution to the mechanical behavior of the porcine posterior sclera. ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference; 2012: American Society of Mechanical Engineers.Habashi J.P., Judge D.P., Holm T.M., Cohn R.D., Loeys B.L., Cooper T.K., Myers L., Klein E.C., Liu G., Calvi C., Podowski M., Neptune E.R., Halushka M.K., Bedja D., Gabrielson K., Rifkin D.B., Carta L., Ramirez F., Huso D.L., Dietz H.C. Losartan, an AT1 antagonist, prevents aortic aneurysm in a mouse model of Marfan syndrome. Science. 2006; 312 (5770): 117-121.Habashi J.P., Judge D.P., Holm T.M., Cohn R.D., Loeys B.L., Cooper T.K., Myers L., Klein E.C., Liu G., Calvi C., Podowski M., Neptune E.R., Halushka M.K., Bedja D., Gabrielson K., Rifkin D.B., Carta L., Ramirez F., Huso D.L., Dietz H.C. Losartan, an AT1 antagonist, prevents aortic aneurysm in a mouse model of Marfan syndrome. Science. 2006; 312 (5770): 117-121.Ostrin L.A., Glasser A. Edinger-Westphal and pharmacologically stimulated accommodative refractive changes and lens and ciliary process movements in rhesus monkeys. Exp. Eye Res. 2007; 84 (2): 302-313.Ostrin L.A., Glasser A. Edinger-Westphal and pharmacologically stimulated accommodative refractive changes and lens and ciliary process movements in rhesus monkeys. Exp. Eye Res. 2007; 84 (2): 302-313.Belaidi A., Pierscionek B.K. Modeling internal stress distributions in the human lens: can opponent theories coexist? J. Vis. 2007; 7 (11): 1-12.Belaidi A., Pierscionek B.K. Modeling internal stress distributions in the human lens: can opponent theories coexist? J. Vis. 2007; 7 (11): 1-12.Avetisov S.E., Kazarian E.E., Mamikonian V.R., Sheludchenko V.M., Litvak I.I., Volachev K.A., Feygin A.A. [Complex evaluation of accommodative asthenopia in the use of video monitors of various design]. Rezul’taty kompleksnoy otsenki akkomodativnoy astenopii pri rabote s videomonitorami razlichnoy konstruktsii. [Annals of Ophthalmology]. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2004; 120 (3): 38-40. (in Russ.).Avetisov S.E., Kazarian E.E., Mamikonian V.R., Sheludchenko V.M., Litvak I.I., Volachev K.A., Feygin A.A. [Complex evaluation of accommodative asthenopia in the use of video monitors of various design]. Rezul’taty kompleksnoy otsenki akkomodativnoy astenopii pri rabote s videomonitorami razlichnoy konstruktsii. [Annals of Ophthalmology]. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2004; 120 (3): 38-40. (in Russ.).Avetisov S. E., Lipatov D. V. [Functional outcomes of aphakia correction with various methods]. Funktsional’nye rezul’taty razlichnykh metodov korrektsii afakii. [Annals of Ophthalmology]. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2000; 116 (4): 12-15. (in Russ.).Avetisov S. E., Lipatov D. V. [Functional outcomes of aphakia correction with various methods]. Funktsional’nye rezul’taty razlichnykh metodov korrektsii afakii. [Annals of Ophthalmology]. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2000; 116 (4): 12-15. (in Russ.).Erpelding T. N., Hollman K. W., O’Donnell M. Mapping age-related elasticity changes in porcine lenses using bubble-based acoustic radiation force. Exp. Eye Res. 2007; 84 (2): 332-341.Erpelding T. N., Hollman K. W., O’Donnell M. Mapping age-related elasticity changes in porcine lenses using bubble-based acoustic radiation force. Exp. Eye Res. 2007; 84 (2): 332-341.Pau H., Kranz J. The increasing sclerosis of the human lens with age and its relevance to accommodation and presbyopia. Graefes Arch. Clin.Exp. Ophthalmol. 1991; 229 (3): 294-296.Pau H., Kranz J. The increasing sclerosis of the human lens with age and its relevance to accommodation and presbyopia. Graefes Arch. Clin.Exp. Ophthalmol. 1991; 229 (3): 294-296.Hollman K.W., O’Donnell M., Erpelding T.N. Mapping elasticity in human lenses using bubble-based acoustic radiation force. Exp. Eye Res. 2007; 85 (6): 890-893.Hollman K.W., O’Donnell M., Erpelding T.N. Mapping elasticity in human lenses using bubble-based acoustic radiation force. Exp. Eye Res. 2007; 85 (6): 890-893.Greenleaf J. F., Fatemi M., Insana M. Selected methods for imaging elastic properties of biological tissues. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2003; 5: 57-78.Greenleaf J. F., Fatemi M., Insana M. Selected methods for imaging elastic properties of biological tissues. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2003; 5: 57-78.Avetisov S.E., Kharlap S.I., Markosian A.G., Safonova T.N., Likhvantseva V.G., Nasnikova I. I. [Ultrasound dimensional clinical analysis of normal lacrimal gland orbital part]. Ul’trazvukovoy prostranstvennyy klinicheskiy analiz orbital’noy chasti sleznoy zhelezy v norme. [Annals of Ophthalmology]. Vestnik oftal’mologii 2006; 122 (6): 14-16. (in Russ.).Avetisov S.E., Kharlap S.I., Markosian A.G., Safonova T.N., Likhvantseva V.G., Nasnikova I. I. [Ultrasound dimensional clinical analysis of normal lacrimal gland orbital part]. Ul’trazvukovoy prostranstvennyy klinicheskiy analiz orbital’noy chasti sleznoy zhelezy v norme. [Annals of Ophthalmology]. Vestnik oftal’mologii 2006; 122 (6): 14-16. (in Russ.).Avetisov S.E., Kharlap S.I. [Ultrasound dimensional analysis of eye and orbit]. Ul’trazvukovoy prostranstvennyy analiz sostoyaniya glaza i orbity. [Russian Ophthalmological Journal]. Rossiyskiy oftal’mologicheskiy zhurnal. 2008; 1 (1): 10-16. (in Russ.).Avetisov S.E., Kharlap S.I. [Ultrasound dimensional analysis of eye and orbit]. Ul’trazvukovoy prostranstvennyy analiz sostoyaniya glaza i orbity. [Russian Ophthalmological Journal]. Rossiyskiy oftal’mologicheskiy zhurnal. 2008; 1 (1): 10-16. (in Russ.).Avetisov S. E., Lipatov D. V., Fedorov A. A. [Morphological abnormalities in lens zonules and capsule weakness]. Morfologicheskie izmeneniya pri nesostoyatel’nosti svyazochno-kapsulyarnogo apparata khrustalika. [Annals of Ophthalmology]. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2002; 118 (4): 22-23. (in Russ.).Avetisov S. E., Lipatov D. V., Fedorov A. A. [Morphological abnormalities in lens zonules and capsule weakness]. Morfologicheskie izmeneniya pri nesostoyatel’nosti svyazochno-kapsulyarnogo apparata khrustalika. [Annals of Ophthalmology]. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2002; 118 (4): 22-23. (in Russ.).Avetisov S.E., Polunin G.S., Sheremet N.L., Makarov I.A., Fedorov A.A., Karpova O.Ye., Muranov K.O., Dizhevskaya A.K., Soustov L.V., Chelnokov E.V., Bityurin N.M., Sapogova N.V., Nemov V.V., Boldyrev A.A., Ostrovskiy M.A. [Chaperon-like anti-cataract antiaggregant agents of lens crystallins searching. Report 4. Study of diand tetrapeptides mixture effect on the «prolonged» rat model of UV-induced cataract]. Poisk shaperonopodobnykh antikataraktal’nykh preparatov-antiagregantov kristallinov khrustalika glaza. Soobshchenie 4. Izuchenie vozdeystviya smesi diitetrapeptidov na «prolongirovannoy» modeli uf-indutsirovannoy katarakty u krys. [Annals of Ophthalmology]. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2008; 124 (2):12-6. (in Russ.).Avetisov S.E., Polunin G.S., Sheremet N.L., Makarov I.A., Fedorov A.A., Karpova O.Ye., Muranov K.O., Dizhevskaya A.K., Soustov L.V., Chelnokov E.V., Bityurin N.M., Sapogova N.V., Nemov V.V., Boldyrev A.A., Ostrovskiy M.A. [Chaperon-like anti-cataract antiaggregant agents of lens crystallins searching. Report 4. Study of diand tetrapeptides mixture effect on the «prolonged» rat model of UV-induced cataract]. Poisk shaperonopodobnykh antikataraktal’nykh preparatov-antiagregantov kristallinov khrustalika glaza. Soobshchenie 4. Izuchenie vozdeystviya smesi diitetrapeptidov na «prolongirovannoy» modeli uf-indutsirovannoy katarakty u krys. [Annals of Ophthalmology]. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2008; 124 (2):12-6. (in Russ.).Avetisov S.E., Polunin G.S., Sheremet N.L., Muranov K.O., Makarov I.A., Fedorov A. A., Karpova O. E., Ostrovskiy M. A. [Chaperon-like anti-cataract antiaggregant agents of lens crystallins searching. Report 3. Dynamic follow-up of caractogenesis on the prolonged rat model of UV-induced cataract]. Poisk shaperonopodobnykh antikataraktal’nykh preparatov-antiagregantov kristallinov khrustalika glaza. Soobshchenie 3. Vozmozhnosti dinamicheskogo nablyudeniya za protsessami kataraktogeneza na «prolongirovannoy» modeli UF-indutsirovannoy katarakty u krys. [Annals of Ophthalmology]. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2008; 124 (2): 8-12. (in Russ.).Avetisov S.E., Polunin G.S., Sheremet N.L., Muranov K.O., Makarov I.A., Fedorov A. A., Karpova O. E., Ostrovskiy M. A. [Chaperon-like anti-cataract antiaggregant agents of lens crystallins searching. Report 3. Dynamic follow-up of caractogenesis on the prolonged rat model of UV-induced cataract]. Poisk shaperonopodobnykh antikataraktal’nykh preparatov-antiagregantov kristallinov khrustalika glaza. Soobshchenie 3. Vozmozhnosti dinamicheskogo nablyudeniya za protsessami kataraktogeneza na «prolongirovannoy» modeli UF-indutsirovannoy katarakty u krys. [Annals of Ophthalmology]. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2008; 124 (2): 8-12. (in Russ.).Roberts M. D., Liang Y., Sigal I. A., Grimm J., Reynaud J., Bellezza A., Burgoyne C. F., Downs J.C. Correlation between local stress and strain and lamina cribrosa connective tissue volume fraction in normal monkey eyes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2010; 51 (1): 295-307.Roberts M. D., Liang Y., Sigal I. A., Grimm J., Reynaud J., Bellezza A., Burgoyne C. F., Downs J.C. Correlation between local stress and strain and lamina cribrosa connective tissue volume fraction in normal monkey eyes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2010; 51 (1): 295-307.Yan D.B., Coloma F.M., Metheetrairut A., Trope G.E., Heathcote J.G., Ethier C.R. Deformation of the lamina cribrosa by elevated intraocular pressure. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 1994; 78 (8): 643-648.Yan D.B., Coloma F.M., Metheetrairut A., Trope G.E., Heathcote J.G., Ethier C.R. Deformation of the lamina cribrosa by elevated intraocular pressure. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 1994; 78 (8): 643-648.Jonas J.B., Berenshtein E., Holbach L. Lamina cribrosa thickness and spatial relationships between intraocular space and cerebrospinal fluid space in highly myopic eyes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2004; 45 (8): 2660-2665.Jonas J.B., Berenshtein E., Holbach L. Lamina cribrosa thickness and spatial relationships between intraocular space and cerebrospinal fluid space in highly myopic eyes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2004; 45 (8): 2660-2665.Sigal I.A., Wang B., Strouthidis N.G., Akagi T., Girard M.J. Recent advances in OCT imaging of the lamina cribrosa. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2014; 98 (2): 34-39.Sigal I.A., Wang B., Strouthidis N.G., Akagi T., Girard M.J. Recent advances in OCT imaging of the lamina cribrosa. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2014; 98 (2): 34-39.Foin N., Mari J.M., Nijjer S., Sen S., Petraco R., Ghione M., Di Mario C., Davies J.E., Girard M.J. Intracoronary imaging using attenuation-compensated optical coherence tomography allows better visualization of coronary artery diseases. Cardiovasc. Revasc. Med. 2013; 14 (3): 139-143.Foin N., Mari J.M., Nijjer S., Sen S., Petraco R., Ghione M., Di Mario C., Davies J.E., Girard M.J. Intracoronary imaging using attenuation-compensated optical coherence tomography allows better visualization of coronary artery diseases. Cardiovasc. Revasc. Med. 2013; 14 (3): 139-143.Sredar N., Ivers K. M., Queener H. M., Zouridakis G., Porter J. 3 D modeling to characterize lamina cribrosa surface and pore geometries using in vivo images from normal and glaucomatous eyes. Biomed. Opt. Express. 2013; 4 (7): 1153-1165.Sredar N., Ivers K. M., Queener H. M., Zouridakis G., Porter J. 3 D modeling to characterize lamina cribrosa surface and pore geometries using in vivo images from normal and glaucomatous eyes. Biomed. Opt. Express. 2013; 4 (7): 1153-1165.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.