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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ophthalmology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Офтальмология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Ophthalmology in Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1816-5095</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-0845</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Ophthalmology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18008/1816-5095-2024-1-44-50</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ophthalmology-2291</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Морфофункциональные особенности пигментного эпителия сетчатки в норме и при возрастной макулярной дегенерации. Обзор литературы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Morphofunctional Distinction of Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Normal and Age-related Macular Degeneration. Review of the Literature</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Файзрахманов</surname><given-names>Р. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fayzrakhmanov</surname><given-names>R. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Файзрахманов Ринат Рустамович — доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры, заведующий кафедрой глазных болезней института усовершенствования врачей; заведующий Центром офтальмологии</p><p>ул. Нижняя Первомайская, 70, Москва, 105203, </p><p>ул. Нижняя Первомайская, 65, Москва, 105203</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Fayzrakhmanov Rinat R. — MD, professor of Eye diseases department, head of Department of eye diseases Institute of Advanced Training of Physicians, head of Center of Ophthalmology</p><p>Nizhnyaya Pervomayskaya str., 70, Moscow, 105203, </p><p>Nizhnyaya Pervomayskaya str., 65, Moscow, 105203</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Босов</surname><given-names>Э. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bosov</surname><given-names>E. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Босов Эдуард Дмитриевич — врач-офтальмолог Центра офтальмологии; аспирант кафедры глазных болезней института усовершенствования врачей</p><p>ул. Нижняя Первомайская, 70, Москва, 105203, </p><p>ул. Нижняя Первомайская, 65, Москва, 105203</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bosov Eduard D. — ophthalmologist of Center of Ophthalmology, postgraduate student of Department of Eye Diseases</p><p>Nizhnyaya Pervomayskaya str., 70, Moscow, 105203, </p><p>Nizhnyaya Pervomayskaya str., 65, Moscow, 105203</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0353-9074</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богданова</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogdanova</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Богданова Виолетта Анатольевна — клинический ординатор кафедры глазных болезней</p><p>ул. Нижняя Первомайская, 65, Москва, 105203</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bogdanova Violetta A. — resident of Department of eye diseases</p><p>Nizhnyaya Pervomayskaya str., 65, Moscow, 105203</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">violbogdanova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2234-0914</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ваганова</surname><given-names>Е. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vaganova</surname><given-names>E. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ваганова Елена Евгеньевна — аспирант кафедры глазных болезней</p><p>ул. Нижняя Первомайская, 65, Москва, 105203</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vaganova Elena E. — postgraduate student of Department of eye diseases</p><p>Nizhnyaya Pervomayskaya str., 65, Moscow, 105203</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сехина</surname><given-names>О. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sekhina</surname><given-names>O. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сехина Ольга Леонидовна — аспирант кафедры глазных болезней</p><p>ул. Нижняя Первомайская, 65, Москва, 105203</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sekhina Olga L. — postgraduate student of Department of eye diseases</p><p>Nizhnyaya Pervomayskaya str., 65, Moscow, 105203</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Национальный медико-хирургический центр им. Н.И. Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации;&#13;
Институт усовершенствования врачей ФГБУ «Национальный медико-хирургический центр им. Н.И. Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.I. Pirogov National Medical Surgical Center;&#13;
Institute of Advanced Training of Physicians of N.I. Pirogov National Medical Surgical Center</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт усовершенствования врачей ФГБУ «Национальный медико-хирургический центр им. Н.И. Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Advanced Training of Physicians of N.I. Pirogov National Medical Surgical Center</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>44</fpage><lpage>50</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Файзрахманов Р.Р., Босов Э.Д., Богданова В.А., Ваганова Е.Е., Сехина О.Л., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Файзрахманов Р.Р., Босов Э.Д., Богданова В.А., Ваганова Е.Е., Сехина О.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Fayzrakhmanov R.R., Bosov E.D., Bogdanova V.A., Vaganova E.E., Sekhina O.L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ophthalmojournal.com/opht/article/view/2291">https://www.ophthalmojournal.com/opht/article/view/2291</self-uri><abstract><p>Пигментный эпителий сетчатки выполняет ряд высокоспециализированных функций. Актуальность изучения морфологических изменений пигментного эпителия связана с увеличением числа пациентов с возрастной макулярной дегенерацией (ВМД), полипоидной хориоидальной васкулопатией (ПХВ), центральной серозной ретинопатией и пигментным ретинитом. Рост числа больных с перечисленными видами патологии связан как с общей тенденцией старения населения планеты, так и с современными возможностями массовой диагностики. Пигментный эпителий выполняет целый ряд функций, обеспечивающих нормальную жизнедеятельность сетчатки. Основной структурной единицей является гексагональная эпителиальная клетка с большим числом меланосом, имеющих в своем составе пигмент меланин. Патоморфологические изменения пигментного листка являются важным индикатором развития ВМД. В большинстве случаев формируется элевация или отслойка, в которой выделяют три типа: друзеноидная, фиброваскулярная (геморрагическая) и серозная. По данным проспективного многоцентрового исследования в 19 % случаев друзеноидная форма прогрессирует в атрофию пигментного эпителия. Имеется ряд исследований, в которых представлены предвестники нарушения целостности. Фиброваскулярная отслойка является патоморфологической основой формирования субмакулярного кровоизлияния. Патогенез серозных отслоек при ВМД связан со спектром различных механизмов, начиная от дегенеративных изменений в мембране Бруха и заканчивая образованием хориоидальной неоваскуляризации. В работах ряда авторов представлены сведения об осложнении отслойки в виде развития разрыва пигментного эпителия сетчатки. Ключевым критерием угрожающего разрыва является высота отслойки пигментного листка. Нарушение целостности пигментного листка в перспективе является фактором снижения или полной потери зрения. Особенно это характерно при формировании разрыва в центральной зоне сетчатки. Ухудшение зрения наблюдется и в случаях субмакулярного кровоизлияния и формирования фиброзного рубца. Важным моментом в настоящее время является разработка протоколов ведения пациентов со случившимся разрывом на фоне основного заболевания.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The retinal pigment epithelium performs a number of highly specialized functions. The relevance of studying morphological changes in the pigment epithelium is associated with an increase in the number of patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), polypoid choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), central serous retinopathy and retinitis pigmentosa. The increase in the number of patients with these pathologies is associated both with the general trend of aging of the world’s population and with modern opportunities for mass diagnostics. The pigment epithelium performs a number of functions that ensure the normal functioning of the retina. The main structural unit is a hexagonal epithelial cell with a large number of melanosomes containing the pigment melanin. Pathomorphological changes in the pigment leaf are an important indicator of the development of AMD. In most cases, an elevation or detachment is formed, in which three types are distinguished: druzenoid, fibrovascular (hemorrhagic) and serous. According to a prospective multicenter study, in 19 % of cases, the druzenoid form progresses into atrophy of the pigment epithelium. There are a number of studies that present harbingers of integrity damages. Fibrovascular detachment is the pathomorphological basis for the formation of submacular hemorrhage. The pathogenesis of serous exfoliation in AMD is associated with a range of different mechanisms, ranging from degenerative changes in the Bruch membrane to the formation of choroidal neovascularization. In the scientific publications of a number of authors, information is presented about the complication of detachment in the form of the development of a rupture of the retinal pigment epithelium. The key criterion for a threatening rupture is the height of the pigment leaf detachment. Damage of the integrity of the pigment leaf in the long term is a factor in reducing or complete loss of vision. This is especially characteristic when a gap is formed in the central area of the retina. Also, visual impairment is observed in cases of submacular hemorrhage and the formation of a fibrous scar. An important point, at present, is the development of protocols for the management of patients with ruptures on the background of the underlying disease.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>пигментный эпителий сетчатки</kwd><kwd>возрастная макулярная дегенерация</kwd><kwd>разрыв пигментного эпителия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>retinal pigment epithelium</kwd><kwd>age-related macular degeneration</kwd><kwd>rupture of the pigment epithelium</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lakkaraju A, Umapathy A, Tan LX, Daniele L, Philp NJ, Boesze-Battaglia K, Williams DS. The cell biology of the retinal pigment epithelium. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2020 Feb 24:100846. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100846.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lakkaraju A, Umapathy A, Tan LX, Daniele L, Philp NJ, Boesze-Battaglia K, Williams DS. 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