ophthalmologyОфтальмологияOphthalmology in Russia1816-50952500-0845Ophthalmology10.18008/1816-5095-2016-2-74-82ophthalmology-303Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSВлияние длительной микрогравитации на орган зрения. Обзор литературыChanges of the eye during long-term spaceflight. ReviewМакаровИ. А.MakarovI. A.

доктор медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник ФГБНУ «Научный центр неврологии», Волоколамское шоссе, д. 80, Москва, 125367, Российская Федерация, 8‑905‑706‑71‑83

PhD, Senior Research Officer of Neurology Science center, Volocolamskoe road, 80, Moscow, 125367, Russia, 8‑905‑706‑71‑83 

igor-niigb@yandex.ruВоронковЮ. И.VoronkovY. I.

доктор медицинских наук, профессор ФБУН ГНЦ РФ — Институт медико-биологических проблем РАН, ул. Хорошевское шоссе, д. 76‑А, Москва, 123007, Российская Федерация

PhD, professor, Institute of medical-biological problems of Russian Science Academy, Horoshevskoe road 76‑A, Moscow, 123007, Russia 8‑499‑195‑23‑63

info@imbp.ruФедеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение Научный центр неврологии, Волоколамское шоссе, д. 80, Москва, 125367, Российская Федерация Федеральное бюджетное учреждение науки Государственный научный центр РФ — Институт медико-биологических проблем Российской академии наук, ул. Хорошевское шоссе, д. 76‑А, Москва, 123007, Российская ФедерацияРоссияFederal State Budget Scientific Institution Neurology Science center, Volocolamskoe road, 80, Moscow, 125367, Russia; Institute of medical-biological problems of Russian Science Academy, Horoshevskoe road, 76‑A, Moscow, 123007, RussiaRussian FederationФедеральное бюджетное учреждение науки Государственный научный центр РФ — Институт медико-биологических проблем Российской академии наук, ул. Хорошевское шоссе, д. 76‑А, Москва, 123007, Российская ФедерацияРоссияInstitute of medical-biological problems of Russian Science Academy, Horoshevskoe road, 76‑A, Moscow, 123007, RussiaRussian Federation2016040720161327482Copyright © Макаров И.А., Воронков Ю.И., 20162016Макаров И.А., Воронков Ю.И.Makarov I.A., Voronkov Y.I.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.ophthalmojournal.com/opht/article/view/303

Обзор посвящен современному состоянию проблемы, связанной с изменением органа зрения при длительном воздействии микрогравитации на околоземной орбите. Описаны состояния, включающие наличие гиперметропического сдвига рефракции, изменений внутриглазного давления, повышения внутричерепного давления, изменений в области хориоидеи и сетчатки, отека диска зрительного нерва. Повышение внутричерепного давления, по всей вероятности, является основной причиной нарушений со стороны органа зрения в условиях микрогравитации. Причиной повышения внутричерепного давления является совокупность влияния различных факторов адаптационных механизмов в организме к условиям невесомости. Ведущую роль в развитии внутричерепной гипертензии занимает перераспределение жидкостей организма (крови и лимфы) по направлению к голове, но возможно также одновременное влияние и других факторов или их потенцирующее действие. Рассмотрена роль таких триггерных механизмов в развитии внутричерепной гипертензии в условиях микрогравитации, как анатомические особенности организма, расовая принадлежность, метаболические изменения под действием повышенного содержания углекислого газа в различных отсеках станции, высокое потребление натрия, ферментные дисфункции, силовые физические упражнения. Тем не менее, патогенетические механизмы в настоящее время пока еще остаются в стадии изучения. Важная роль при анализе механизмов адаптации отводится исследованиям не только до- и после полета, но и во время космического полета. Накопленные знания и опыт по преодолению изменений в органах и системах организма в условиях адаптации человека к микрогравитации позволят ответить на многие вопросы, связанные с осуществлением длительных и сверхдлительных полетов в условиях невесомости.

The review includes the publications of the scientific literature on the eye change during long-term spaceflight. The any eye changes such as visual impairment, hyperopic shift in refraction, changes in the intraocular pressure, increased the intracranial pressure, globe flattening, choroidal folding, optic disc edema, and optic nerve kinking and other changes were reported. The main cause of eye disorders, in all probability, is the increase of the intracranial pressure during long-term spaceflight. The reasons of the increased intracranial pressure are a collection of various factors of adaptation mechanisms in the body to weightless conditions. The leading role in the development of intracranial hypertension takes a redistribution of the body fluids (blood and lymph) in the direction of the head, but the opportunities and the effect of other factors are present. Also the displacement and increase of the internal organs volume of the chest can cause external compression of the jugular veins, increasing the pressure of the blood in them, and as the result to lead to the increase of the intracranial pressure. The role of trigger such mechanisms in the development of the intracranial hypertension in the microgravity environment as anatomical predisposition of the body, race, metabolic changes under the influence of high carbon dioxide content in the different compartments of the station, high sodium intake, the enzyme dysfunction, weight exercises of the astronauts was discussed. However, the pathogenic mechanisms is currently still under investigation. An important role in the study of the adaptation mechanisms is given to research not only before and after the flight, but also during the space flight. The accumulated knowledge and experience about the changes in organs and systems in the conditions of human adaptation to microgravity will help answer many questions related to the implementation of the long spaceflights.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.