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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ophthalmology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Офтальмология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Ophthalmology in Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1816-5095</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-0845</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Ophthalmology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18008/1816-5095-2016-3-163-168</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ophthalmology-319</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОФТАЛЬМОФАРМАКОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHARMACOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>РОЛЬ НУТРИЦЕВТИКОВ В СНИЖЕНИИ РИСКА ПРОГРЕССИРОВАНИЯ ВОЗРАСТНОЙ МАКУЛЯРНОЙ ДИСТРОФИИ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>ROLE OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION IN PREVENTING PROGRESSION OF AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ермакова</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ermakova</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры офтальмологии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>МD, prof.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ermakova1058570@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное Бюджетное образовательное учреждение  дополнительного профессионального образования «Институт повышения квалификации  Федерального медико-биологического агентства» &#13;
Волоколамское шоссе, 30 стр. 1, Москва, 123182, Российская Федерация</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Department of ophthalmology of Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia;  &#13;
Volokolamskoe shosse, 30/1, Moscow, 123182, Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>163</fpage><lpage>168</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ермакова Н.А., 2016</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ермакова Н.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ermakova N.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ophthalmojournal.com/opht/article/view/319">https://www.ophthalmojournal.com/opht/article/view/319</self-uri><abstract><p>Возрастная макулярная дистрофия (ВМД) является одной из лидирующих причин слепоты в развитых странах у лиц старше 65 лет. Главная роль в механизме возникновения заболевания отводится поражению пигментного эпителия, мембраны Бруха и хорио-капиллярного слоя хориоидеи. Ведущую партию в этом, очевидно, играет пигментный эпителий, который со временем перестает справляться со своими функциями. Развивающаяся ишемия и оксидантный стресс приводят к появлению сначала друз, а затем к продвинутой стадии заболевания — хориоидальной неоваскуляризации или атрофии (географической атрофии). Применение ингибиторов факторов роста эндотелия сосудов позволило в последние годы добиться определённых успехов в лечении неоваскулярной формы ВМД, однако возвратить полностью утраченные зрительные функции возможно только у части больных. В связи с этим возникает важная задача предупреждения прогрессирования процесса из фазы друз в продвинутую форму ВМД. В настоящее время накоплены данные о влиянии лютеина и зеаксантина, а также витаминов (С и Е) и минералов (Zn, Se) на риск развития ВМД. На основании многочисленных исследований (CARMA, LUNA, AREDS, AREDS2) стало обоснованным применение витаминно-минерального комплекса с целью снижения риска развития ВМД. Исследование AREDS I (Age-Related Eye Disease Study) показало, что использование витамина С (500 мг), витамина Е (400 IU), бета-каротина (15 мг), цинка (80 мг) снижает на 25% риск прогрессирования заболевания с переходом в продвинутую фазу и предупреждает снижение зрительных функций у 27% больных. Первичный анализ AREDS II не выявил дальнейшего снижения риска перехода ВМД в развитую стадию при добавлении к формуле AREDS лютеина (10 мг)+зеаксантин (2 мг) и/или докозагексаеновой кислоты (DHA 350 мг)+эйкозапентаеновая кислота (EPA, 650 мг). Однако в данном исследовании отсутствовала истинная группа контроля, а одновременное использование бета-каротина, лютеина и зеаксантина может снижать захват тканями последних двух из-за конкуренции каротиноидов. Замена бета-каротина в формуле AREDS на лютеин и зеаксантин привела к снижению риска развития неоваскулярной стадии ВМД. Ис-следование LUNA (Lutein Nutrition effects measured by Auto-fluorescence) показало, что приём лютеина (12 мг), зеаксантина (1 мг) и витаминов С (120 мг) и Е (17,6 мг), селена (40 мг) и цинка (10 мг) привёл к повышению сывороточной концентрации лютеина и зеаксантина и оптической плотности макулярного пигмента (ОПМП) в зоне 0,5° от центра глазного дна. Эффект был тем выше, чем ниже была исходная ОПМП. Исследование CARMA (The Carotenoids in Age-Related Maculopathy) выявило, что применение лютеина (6 мг), зеаксантина (0.3 мг), витаминов С (75 мг) и Е (7.5 мг), цинка (10 мг) и меди (0.2 мг) способствовало сохранению зрительных функций и замедляло переход заболевания в продвинутую фазу ВМД. Данные препараты следует использовать в ранней стадии заболевания и принимать постоянно или с небольшими перерывами. При длительных перерывах в лечении исчезает феномен насыщения пигментов в сетчатке, а, следовательно, снижается и эффект терапии. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic, progressive, degenerative eye disease affecting the central retina. It is the leading cause of blindness among individuals of 65 years and older. In the early stage patients have drusen and/or alterations of pigmentation in the macular region. This disease can progress to geographic atrophy and/or choroidal neovascularization. It has been shown that oxidative stress and hypoxia are important in the pathogenesis of AMD. Patients may gain some visual improvement with inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor, but complete restoration of visual function is achieved only in small cases. No effective therapies are known for atrophic AMD. Many large observational studies have shown that dietary antioxidant supplementation is beneficial in preventing the progression of AMD from early to late stages. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) demonstrated that daily oral supplementation with vitamins C (500 mg) and E (400 IU), beta carotene (15 mg), zinc (80 mg) and copper (2 mg) reduced the risk of progression to advanced AMD by 25% at 5 years. In primary analyses AREDS II failed to show further reduce of this risk by addition of lutein (10 mg) and zeaxanthin (2mg), or/and omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids [docosahexaenoic acid (350 mg DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid 650 mg (EPA)] to the AREDS formulation. But there was no true placebo group. The simultaneous administration of beta carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin may suppress tissue level of the both laters because of competitive absorption of carotenoids. Subgroup analyses revealed that dietary supplementation with lutein, zeaxanthin and AREDS formulation without beta carotene may reduce the risk of progression to advanced AMD.The LUNA (Lutein nutrition effects measured by autofluorescence) study demonstrated that supplementation with lutein (12 mg), zeaxanthin (1 mg), vitamin C (120 mg), vitamin E (17,6 mg), zinc (10 mg), selenium (40 mg) resulted in a significant augmentation of macular pigment optical density (MPOD). This effect was more prominent in cases with initial low level of MPOD. The CARMA (Carotenoids in Age-Related Maculopathy) Study has shown that lutein (6 mg), zeaxanthin (0,3 mg), vitamin C (75 mg), vitamin E (7,5 mg), zinc (10 mg) and copper (0,2 mg) prevented progression from early to late stages of AMD. Early intervention is more effective in maintaining visual function.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>возрастная макулярная дистрофия</kwd><kwd>оксидантный стресс</kwd><kwd>плотность макулярного пигмента</kwd><kwd>каротиноиды</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Age-related macular degeneration</kwd><kwd>oxidative stress</kwd><kwd>macular pigment optical density</kwd><kwd>carotenoids</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Congdon N, O’Colmain B, Klaver CCW et al. Causes and prevalence of visual impairment among adults in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122:477–85.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Congdon N, O’Colmain B, Klaver CCW et al. Causes and prevalence of visual impairment among adults in the United States. 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