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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ophthalmology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Офтальмология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Ophthalmology in Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1816-5095</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-0845</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Ophthalmology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18008/1816-5095-2018-4-447-454</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ophthalmology-771</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ И ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL &amp; EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Вопросы безопасности диагностического ультразвука в офтальмологии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Safety of Diagnostic Ultrasound in Ophthalmology</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киселева</surname><given-names>Т. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kiseleva</surname><given-names>T. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, начальник отдела ультразвуковых исследованийул. Садовая-Черногрязская, 14/19, Москва, 105062, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, professor, head of Ultrasound Diagnostic DepartmentSadovaya-Chernogryazskaya str., 14/19, Moscow, 105062, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зайцев</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaitsev</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудникул. Садовая-Черногрязская, 14/19, Москва, 105062, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcherSadovaya-Chernogryazskaya str., 14/19, Moscow, 105062, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zaicev1549@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Луговкина</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lugovkina</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, научный сотрудникул. Садовая-Черногрязская, 14/19, Москва, 105062, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, scientific researcherSadovaya-Chernogryazskaya str., 14/19, Moscow, 105062, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «МНИИ глазных болезней им. Гельмгольца»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Moscow Helmholtz Research Institute of Eye Diseases<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>01</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>447</fpage><lpage>454</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Киселева Т.Н., Зайцев М.С., Луговкина К.В., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Киселева Т.Н., Зайцев М.С., Луговкина К.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kiseleva T.N., Zaitsev M.S., Lugovkina K.V.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ophthalmojournal.com/opht/article/view/771">https://www.ophthalmojournal.com/opht/article/view/771</self-uri><abstract><p>РЕЗЮМЕ В обзоре литературы представлены сведения о применении ультразвука в диагностике, терапевтическом и хирургическом лечении заболеваний органа зрения. Ультразвук различной мощности, интенсивности и экспозиции оказывает термическое, механическое и биологическое воздействие на ткани глаза. Термический эффект обусловлен поглощением биологическими тканями ультразвуковой энергии, которая преобразуется из акустической в тепловую энергию. Механический эффект определяется амплитудой давления ультразвуковых импульсов, воздействующих на структуры глаза в момент исследования. В совокупности два этих эффекта определяют биологическое воздействие ультразвука. В целях безопасности ультразвукового сканирования были введены такие понятия, как тепловой (Ti) и механический (Mi) индекс, что позволяет контролировать степень облучения тканей. Ультразвуковые методы диагностики в течение долгого времени основывались на применении эхо-импульсного принципа, т.е. на использовании сигналов, приходящих из исследуемой области среды после ее облучения волновым потоком. Однако объем данных в принимаемых аналоговых сигналах настолько велик, что до недавнего времени удавалось использовать лишь малую часть заключенной в них информации за счет применения самых простых методов цифровой обработки сигналов. В то же время за относительно короткий промежуток времени ультразвуковая диагностика прошла путь от одномерной эхографии, дававшей весьма небольшой объем информации, до сложного сканирования в режиме реального времени, позволяющего добиться визуализации не только органов и систем, но и их структурных элементов. В настоящее время комбинация изображения в серой шкале, высокочувствительного цветового и энергетического доплеровского режима, внедрение режима 3D и соноэластографии значительно расширили диагностические возможности ультразвука для одновременной качественной и количественной оценки структур глаза и орбиты в норме и при патологии. Неинвазивность и высокая информативность ультразвукового исследования делают его одним из основных инструментальных методов диагностики в офтальмологии. Проводятся клинические и экспериментальные работы для определения оптимальных режимов ультразвукового исследования глаза и орбиты. Однако вопросы безопасности ультразвука и его влияния на структуры глаза в значительной мере не изучены.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The literature review presents information about ultrasound use in diagnosis, therapeutic and surgical treatment of eye diseases. Due to experimental studies it was proved that ultrasound of different power, intensity and exposure causes thermal, mechanical and biological effect on the eye tissue. Thermal effect caused by ultrasonic energy absorption by biological tissues, which is converted from acoustic energy into thermal energy. The mechanical effect is determined by the amplitude of ultrasonic pressure acting on the eye structures during the examination. For the safety of ultrasound scanning, such concepts as thermal (TI) and mechanical (MI) indices have been introduced, which allows to control the level of acoustic impact on tissues. Ultrasound diagnosis in ophthalmology went a long way from one-dimensional echography (A-mode) to the complex scanning in real time, which allows to visualize different structural elements of the eye. Ultrasound eye examination is non-invasive and highly informative and thereby one of the main instrumental diagnosis methods in ophthalmology. Combination of images in gray scale, highly sensitive color and energy Doppler, 3D and sonoelastography to date greatly increased the diagnostic capabilities of ultrasound for simultaneous qualitative and quantitative assessment the eye and orbit in normal and pathological conditions. Therefore general ultrasonic diagnostic systems are widely used in clinical practice, with obligatory correction of TI and MI values. Recommendations of the international professional organizations such as Food and Drug Adminisration (FDA) and American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM))are widely used for the ultrasonic examination of eye pathology, according to which the lowest levels of exposure and intensity of the output acoustic signal (TI and MI) should be set to get a high-quality image. There are still a lot of clinical and experimental studies to determine the optimal modes of ultrasound eye and orbit examination. However, the safety of ultrasound and its effect on eye structures are still need to be studied.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ультразвук</kwd><kwd>безопасность</kwd><kwd>акустическая мощность</kwd><kwd>интенсивность</kwd><kwd>биоэффекты</kwd><kwd>ткани глаза</kwd><kwd>термический индекс</kwd><kwd>механический индекс</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ultrasound</kwd><kwd>safety</kwd><kwd>acoustic power</kwd><kwd>intensity</kwd><kwd>bioeffects</kwd><kwd>ocular tissue</kwd><kwd>thermal index</kwd><kwd>mechanical index</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Игошев Б.М., Усольцев А.П. История технических инноваций: учебное пособие. М.: Флинта, 2013. 246 с. [Igoshev B.M., Usol’cev A.P. History of technical innovation: a tutorial. Moscow: Flinta, 2013. 246 p. 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