Materials and methods. 60 patients with allergic eye diseases were treated. Allergoferon® gel applied QID on upper and lower eyelids was used as a first-line therapy. Efficacy was measured using the following criteria: chemozis, eyelid edema, conjunctival redness and discharge, the presence of conjunctival follicles and papillae. All symptoms were scored using a 4‑point scale (0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe).
Results. Topical administration of Allergoferon® was associated with significant symptoms reduction, i.e., chemozis by 82 %, eyelid edema by 91 %, conjunctival redness by 79 %, eyelid redness by 88 %, conjunctival discharge by 95 %, the presence of conjunctival follicles and papillae by 76 %.
Conclusion. Allergoferon® gel for topical and external use quickly reduces tissue allergic reactions and, consequently, terms of treatment. This medication is highly-effective as a therapy of ocular allergies owing to its antihistamine, anti-inflammatory and anti-exudative effects.

Aim: of this study is to evaluate ophthalmoneuroprotectional treatment of patients with POAG and diabetes mellitus type II in a specialized hospital.
Material and methods: We have performed retro — and prospective analysis of the combined treatment of 130 patients (248 eyes) with a combination of primary open-angle glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. Evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment was conducted on the following criteria: the severity of the hypotensive effect, the degree
of improvement and duration of remission of major ophthalmic indicators. The patients were divided into four clinical — homogeneous groups: primary — 40 people (77 eyes), the comparison group I — 37 persons (71 eyes), the comparison group II — 33 people (60 eyes), the control group — 20 people (40 eyes).

Results: Combination of different treatment strategy of laser and conservative treatment was tested. The result has been designed for optimal balance improving performance and reducing ocular side effects. Retinalamin ® 5 mg parabulbare number 10, Tanakan 1 tablet 3 times a day — 3 months. The optimal timing of re-treatment (at least 1
time in 9 months), in the case of significant progression of glaucomatous optic neuropathy — the timing is solved individually.

Aim was to research objective consisted in an assessment of penetration of an antibacterial preparation of ciprofloxacin and a corticosteroid preparation of dexamethasone as a part of Kombinil-Duo’s combined medicinal form in moisture of the forward camera of an eye in experiment, and also in detection of the minimum overwhelming
concentration (MOC) of ciprofloxacin in VPKG for the most frequent causative agents of eye infections.

Material and methods. In experiment on seven adult individuals of rabbits of breed the Chinchilla (fourteen eyes) eye drops Kombinil — Duo, containing in quality of the main substance ciprofloxacin (3 mg / ml) and dexamethasone
(1 mg / ml) are tested. Determination of concentration of the main substances of studied preparations in moisture of the eye camera carried out a method of a highly effective liquid chromatography (VEZhH) in combination with mass and spectrometer detecting (MS) on the liquid Shimadzu LC-20AB chromatograph with the mass and selective
detector Shimadzu LCMS-2010EV (ESI).

Results and conclusion. The maximum concentration of ciprofloxacin in moisture of the forward camera of rabbits eye made 0,25 mkg / ml, and minimum — 0,06 mkg / ml, average concentration — 0,13±0,06 mkg / ml. The anti-inflammatory component presented by dexamethasone in a studied eye form, is defined in the range from 0,14 to 0,63 mkg / ml. Average concentration of dexamethasone equaled 0,24±0,12 mkg / ml. The obtained data testify that average concentration of ciprofloxacin in VPKG exceeds average MPK90 for strains the grampolozhitelnykh
of bacteria which are potential activators of postoperative infectious complications: metitsillinchuvstvitelny golden стафилококки (MPK90‑0,06 mkg / ml) and ftorkhinolonchuvstvitelny koagulazonegativny стафилококки (mkg / ml MPK90–0,05). The revealed concentration are sufficient for minimization of risk of development of postoperative
infectious complications. In a pilot study it is shown that at an instillation in a conjunctival bag of rabbits of a complex preparation of Kombinil-Duo in moisture of the forward camera of an eye concentration of antibacterial means (ciprofloxacin) sufficient for suppression of the main activators causing postoperative complications with ensuring antiinflammatory action (at the expense of dexamethasone) is created. The obtained data can be used in clinical practice for correction of schemes on treatment and prevention of inflammatory diseases of eyes.

Fractal geometry and nonlinear dynamics have applications in the field of biology and medicine. Many complex structures of living systems reveal fractal-like geometry. Among them, nonlinearity of human anatomic structures and physiologic functions are of special interest. Here, we review several multidisciplinary studies that demonstrate multi-scale nonlinear complexity of physiological functions and fractal geometry of anatomical structures of a healthy human including retina. With ageing and diseases, these entities become simpler or more complex. Pathologic conditions contribute to highly periodic dynamics of processes that dominates on a time scale. Nonlinear dynamics application in ophthalmology and physiology of visual system can be promoted by the studies of fractal flickering
background and its impact on retina and visual cortex electrical activity. The next step will be the development of novel electrophysiological diagnostics and visual system impairment treatment

Different aspects of eye hydrodynamics before and following complicated cataract surgery as well as its impact on IOP levels are observed. Trabecular and uveoscleral outflow features, anterior eye segment anatomy and topography, associations between accommodation and aqueous humor outflow regulation in elderly patients are analyzed. Besides, optimal clinical refraction and IOL model selection are of special importance in cataract and glaucoma
patients

Different approaches to surgical and pleoptic treatment of congenital cataract and amblyopia of obscure origin in children are represented. Main tendencies that determine the indications to surgical procedures and their terms are described. Current techniques of aphakia correction, their advantages and disadvantages as well as pleoptic methods of visual system stimulation are discussed

Aim. To improve the efficacy of cataract and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) surgery using a novel combined surgical technique.
Materials and methods. 219 patients were included in the study. According to the design, all subjects were
divided into study group (n = 58) and two control groups (n = 78 and n = 83). Combined phaco and vacuum trabeculoplasty (VTP) ab interno was performed in 58 study group patients. Pre-op and post-op, all patents had a complete eye examination including vision and hydrodynamics testing as well as anterior chamber depth (ACD) and angle assessment
using optical coherent tomography.
Results. In study group, stable IOP decrease was observed for 2‑yrs follow-up. Phacoemulsification in cataract and POAG patients has an impact on anterior segment anatomy and topography owing to significant increase of ACD by 1.2 mm and anterior chamber angle by 3.3°. VTP ab interno provides additional ACD increase by 1.8 mm and anterior chamber angle by 15.9°. Complication rate was 8.5 % in study group (i.e., following combined phaco and VTP ab interno) and 5.1 % and 8.4 % in control groups. Hospitalization days in all groups had no significant differences.
Conclusion. A novel method of combined VTP ab interno and cataract phacoemulsification provides significant IOP decrease (by 74 %) at 2‑yrs follow-up. Following VTP and phaco, fewer or even no hypotensive eye drops were required. This technique is less traumatic than traditional cataract and glaucoma surgery. Indication for combined VTP and phaco is (im) mature cataract with medically (sub) compensated POAG.

Aim. Comparative study of choroidea, retina ganglion cell complex (GCC) and regional hemodynamics in primary open angle (POAG) and pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PEG) patients.

Materials and methods. 40 POAG patients and 36 PEG patients with the same disease stage were observed. MD –1.52±0.27 in POAG group and –2.38±0.35 in PEG group (p = 0. 069). Subjects were age-matched (ranged from 60 to 70 years: 69.41±1.207 66.32±0.75 in PEG group;
p = 0.32) and comparable for axial eye length (24.08±0.38 in POAG group, 23.48±0.27 in PEG group; p = 0.208).
Results. Significant difference in focal loss of retinal ganglion cells (FLV) between POAG and PEG groups was revealed (1.875±0.399 and 3.535±0.684, respectively; p = 0.035). Choroidea thickness decrease was discovered in PEG patients as compared with POAG patients: 219.55±17.81 and 266.93±15.9, respectively, at the fovea (p = 0.048);
and 117.1±10.1 and 158.3±14.8, respectively, at the peripapillary area (p = 0.026). The reduction of blood flow velocity in ophthalmic artery (29.08±2.38 cm / sec), central retinal vein (5.22±0.29 cm / sec) and superior ophthalmic vein (5.22±0.29 cm / sec) were observed in PEG group as compared with POAG group (34.10±1.47, 7.54±0.53 and
6.47±0.33 cm / sec, respectively). The significance of these differences is confirmed by the following data: p = 0.05 (for Vsyst in ophthalmic artery), р = 0.012 (for Vsyst in central retinal vein) and p = 0.007 (for Vmean in superior ophthalmic vein).
Conclusion. At the same disease stage, PEG is characterized by greater choroidea thinning, GCC damage and reduced blood flow in large retrobulbar vessels as compared with POAG.

Aim. To analyze the initial atrophy of ciliary body in patients with painful terminal glaucoma using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) and the progression of ciliary body atrophy following transscleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation (TSCPC) considering total laser energy used.
Materials and methods. 56 patients (92 eyes) with terminal painful glaucoma were examined. In these patients, TSCPC with total laser energy ranged from 43.2 to 86.4 mJ was performed. Total laser energy parameters for TSCPC were determined according to the presence and degree of ciliary body atrophy of the affected eye as compared with
healthy one. Additionally, 5 terminal glaucoma eyes with clinically apparent eye globe sub-atrophy following previous TSCPC with total laser energy above the level used in this study were examined.
Results. In all terminal glaucoma patients, various degrees of ciliary body atrophy was revealed using UBM. This atrophy was diagnosed by ciliary body thinning as compared with healthy eye by 28.37 %. Post-op reaction degree following TSCPC depends on total laser energy. Total laser energy parameters selection depending on initial ciliary
body atrophy reduces pain syndrome, minimizes post-op complications, prevents further ciliary body atrophy progression and decrease IOP to sub-compensated level.
Conclusion. Mathematical analysis of ciliary body thickness changes depending on laser energy used was assumed as a basis of nomogram construction that provides individual calculation of maximum allowable and minimally required total laser energy.

Aim was to analyze working capacities of visually impaired persons by means of complex electrophysiological and ophthalmic ergonomics eye examination.
Materials and methods. Standard clinical ophthalmologic examination (visual acuity measurement, refractometry, biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy) as well as electrophysiological (electrooculography, electrical sensitivity of the eye, critical flicker fusion frequency) and ophthalmic ergonomics tests (accommodation measurement, professional testing using automated system «Proftest-1») were performed.
Results. Complex electrophysiological and ophthalmic ergonomics tests were performed in 20 visually impaired persons. Their results revealed direct correlation between electrophysiological and ophthalmic ergonomics indices.
Conclusion. Working capacities of visually impaired persons can be assessed reliably using complex electrophysiological and ophthalmic ergonomics eye examination only.

Aim was to determine visual abilities of visually impaired persons in working process.
Materials and methods. Accommodation was measured before and following standardized visual load and visual capacities testing using automated system «Proftest-1».
Results. Under the same visual performance disturbances (for example, low visual acuity) but different ophthalmic disorders, the degree of working capacities limitation varies over a wide range.
Conclusion. The data obtained confirm the hypothesis that visual abilities in the working process of visually impaired persons depends on visual capacities.

Corneal opacities are the fourth cause of blindness world-wide. Over the past two centuries, various corneal transplantation (i.e., keratoplasty) methods have been developed and improved. Nowadays, femtolaserssisted keratoplasty is one of most promising techniques. Femtosecond laser have several advantages that provide additional surgical benefits. Among them, no thermal injury, the ability to cut deeply on a single plane and to perform various corneal profiles should be mentioned. In children, corneal disorders are of special importance while femtosecondassisted keraatoplasty case reports are rare. Here, we describe femtosecond laserssisted penetrating keratoplasty in a girl with a rough central corneal opacity.