This work is devoted to the study of the molecular mechanisms of programmed cell death or apoptosis in primary open-angleglaucoma. As one of the main factors in the pathogenesis of this disease appears the loss of retinal ganglion cells. Their death occursby apoptosis — programmed suicide mechanism. We consider two major apoptotic pathways, which are described in the literature —Fas-mediated and Bcl-2-dependent or mitochondrial. The existence of these paths and their regulators in many organs and tissues isdescribed, including the retina and optic nerve. Based on the analysis of domestic and foreign literature is presented modern view ofthe stages of this process in glaucoma. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms of apoptosis and their regulation may contribute to the development of new pharmacological methods of prevention and treatment of eye diseases

In the literature review presents an analysis of epidemiological researches carried out in Russia and CIS on the study of the prevalence of different types of glaucoma, depending on race and ethnicity.

The analysis of literary sources, containing the results of research on the epidemiology and etiopathogenesis of congenital cataract, was made. The known classifications of this disease were also studied. The article describes the modern knowledge on the causal factors and pathogenic mechanisms, leading to irreversible pathological changes in the lens of the children. The evolution and effectiveness of clinical classifications was considered.

Purpose: To analyze the efficacy of novel technique of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and complicated cataract surgery that combines phacoemulsification and modified stainless steel Glaucoma Filtration Device implantation.

Methods: 100 patients (120 eyes) with POAG and complicated cataract aged 52‑89 years were included in the study. All patients were divided into 3 groups. In group I, phacoemulsification with non-penetrating deep sclerectomy (NPDS) and collagen drainage device implantation by Malygin B. A. was performed. In group II, phacoemulsification with Glaucoma Filtration Device implantation using standard technique was performed. In group III, phacoemulsification with Glaucoma Filtration Device implantation using improved technique was performed.

Results: Following phacoemulsification with NPDS, IOP was decreased by 38 % in a month and by 21 % in a year while visual acuity improved 3,8 times in a year. Following phacoemulsification with Glaucoma Filtration Device implantation using standard technique, IOP was decreased by 41 % in a month and by 39 % in a year while visual acuity improved 4,3 times in a year. Following phacoemulsification with Glaucoma Filtration Device implantation using modified technique, IOP was decreased by 43 % in a month and remains stable in a year while visual acuity improved almost 5 times in a year.

Conclusion: Phacoemulsification with Glaucoma Filtration Device implantation using modified technique provides adequate IOP reduction and highest possible functional results in early and late post-op period.

Purpose: to compare сhoroidal thickness (CT) in primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG).

Methods: сhoroidal thickness was evaluated in 30 patients (30 eyes) with PACG, 30 patients (30 eyes) with POAG and 30 control subjects by means of optical coherence tomography (RTVue-100 OCT, Optovue, Inc., Fremont, CA) in fovea (CTf) and in peripapillary region (CTp). Patients in both groups were well matched for glaucoma stage (MD 1,46±1,73 dB in POAG and –1,89±2,34 dB in PACG, p = 0,44) and age: 70,0±6,64 in POAG and 68,0 ±4,68 in PACG (p = 0,29).

Results revealed a statistically significant increase of CT in PACG patients in comparison to POAG: 372,81±126,83 μm and 251,25±79,56 μm (p = 0,002), respectively for CTf, and 204,56±115,9 μm and 29,0±61,48 μm (p = 0,03), respectively for CTp.

Conclusion: Increased CT might be another anatomic characteristic of AC eyes. These findings may support the hypotheses that choroidal expansion is a contributing factor to the development of AC disease.

Purpose: Studying the capabilities of optical coherence tomography (RTVue-100, OPTOVUE, USA) in evaluation of peripheral retinal degenerations, vitreoretinal adhesions, adjacent vitreous body as well as measurement of morphometric data.

Methods: The study included 189 patients (239 eyes) with peripheral retinal degeneration. 77 men and 112 women aged 18 to 84 underwent an ophthalmologic examination since November 2012 until October 2013. The peripheral retina was visualized with the help of optical coherence tomography («RTVue-100,» USA). The fundography was carried out using a Nikon NF505‑AF (Japan) fundus camera. All patients were examined with a Goldmann lens.

Results: Optical coherence tomography was used to evaluate different kinds of peripheral retinal degenerations, such as lattice and snail track degeneration, isolated retinal tears, cystoid retinal degeneration, pathological hyperpigmentation, retinoschisis and cobblestone degeneration. The following morphometric data were studied: dimensions of the lesion (average length), retinal thickness along the edge of the lesion, retinal thickness at the base of the lesion and the vitreoretinal interface.

Conclusion: Optical coherence tomography is a promising in vivo visualization method which is useful in evaluation of peripheral retinal degenerations, vitreoretinal adhesions and tractions. It also provides a comprehensive protocolling system and monitoring. It will enable ophthalmologists to better define laser and surgical treatment indications and evaluate therapy effectiveness.

Results of treatment of 113 children (124 eyes) with phlegmon lacrimal sac (78 eyes) and dacryocystocele (46 eyes) are analysed. Features of tactics of maintaining patients with purulent complication phlegmon lacrimal sac newborns (phlegmon) and dacryocystocele, as main reason for its development are described. It is shown that early surgical treatment of these conditions promotes fast recovery, prevention of complications and refusal in most cases from application of the general antibacterial therapy. It is revealed that at dacryocystocele the risk of development phlegmon lacrimal sac is increased.

Purpose: To improve the methods of diagnosis of endogenous uveitis in a comprehensive study immune-defense system.

Methods: A total of 78 patients (136 eyes) with different etiology of endogenous uveitis (infectious and rheumatoid). The age of patients ranged from 15 to 56 years. At the time of the first survey in group 1 (52.4 %) were diagnosed with uveitis of infectious etiology and in group 2 (47.6 %), uveitis in rheumatic disease.

Results: With elevated TNF-B in group 1 and 2.3 times in Group 2‑5.4‑fold (P <0,05), serum neopterin increased 6 times in patients
with infectious uveitis and 7.6 times — autoimmune uveitis. The concentration of C-reactive protein were significantly increased in
both groups compared to the control. If the analysis of the level of IgA and complement component C3 showed significant increase (P <0,05), then the dynamics of the content of IgM and IgG significant differences when compared with the control is not revealed, but there was a tendency to increase.

Conclusion: Introduction into clinical practice of new laboratory methods (neopterin, C-reactive protein, CEC) have produced new evidence of the role of endogenous processes in uveitis. The study of specific and nonspecific markers of immunity creates real prerequisites for predicting outcomes of endogenous uveitis.

Purpose: To study of therapeutic and prophylactic action on the retina of rats with experimental diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) oral mucosal gels containing biologically active substances (BAS).

Methods: DM2 was induced by protamine method Ulyanov and Tarasova [2000]. As BAS used lysozyme, flour of grape leaves, the water extract of blueberries and quercetin. Mucosal gels containing active substances, applied to the mucous lining of the mouth for 2 weeks. The serum glucose concentration was performed and histological studies of the retina.

Results: Application mucosal gels reduces BAS 8‑22 % glucose (most with blueberry extract) and significantly improves retinal histology (vacuolar degeneration less pronounced ganglion cells, there are no structural changes in photoreceptor layer). Gels revealed more effective with containing extract of bilberry, grape flour and quercetin.

Conclusion: Oral mucosal application of gels containing active substances, have protection of retina in diabetes mellitus type 2.

Purpose: To study the effect of surgical treatment of vitreous opacities (VO) on the state of quality (QOL) of patient’s life.

Methods: We examined 35 patients who underwent surgical treatment of VO. State of QOL was assessed by questionnaire VFQ-25 before surgery and at 1 week and 6 months of its implementation.

Results: In the study of QOL before surgery, there was a significant reduction of the total QOL index by an average of 15 % relative to the control group (p <0.05). In the late postoperative period recorded a progressive increase in the total index of QOL, which then reached values of the control group (p> 0.05).

Conclusion: Vitrectomy to treat the vitreous opacities improves the visual function and quality of life for patients.

Purpose: Studying of efficiency and safety of application of «Sistаnе-gel» after a cataract phaсoemulsification for postoperative therapy of a syndrome of a dry eye was.

Methods: 56 patients (56 eyes) are surveyed. 26 of them (26 eyes) have primary open-angle glaucoma and receive antiglaukomе preparations in instillations. Other 30 patients didn’t use any drops. To all patients the cataract phacoemulsification is executed. After operation applied standard antibacterial and anti-inflammatory therapy and conducted complex examination, including biomicroscopy,
Shirmer’s test, Norn’s test, staining the anterior surface of the eye with Fluoresceine. Besides, patients answered the questions containing
in a simple questionnaire.

Results: Application of the preparation «Sistane-gel» showed its high efficiency and safety in treatment of a postoperative syndrome of a dry eye after a cataract phacoemulsification.

Conclusion: Taking into account specifics of patients with a cataract (advanced age, existence of the somatic diseases, the changed hormonal background, reception of medicines), all of them can recommend application of sistant-gel for prevention and dry eye treatment after phacoemulsification. Especially it is necessary to pay attention to dry eye prevention at the patients who have glaucoma and constantly using hypotensive drops.

9 years old girl was admitted to the Ophthalmological Department of Morozov Pediatric City Clinical Hospital with sudden persistent painless loss of vision of the left eye. Other organs and systems were without any changes. After ophthalmological examination (OS — white edema of central and peripapillar retina, a cherry red spot at the fovea) the diagnosis of central retinal artery occlusion OS was formed, and treatment was started immediately. CRAO practically does not occur in pediatric ophthalmological practice. Therefore this clinical case can be of interest to clinicians and pediatric ophthalmologists.

There is presentation case report of 75‑year old woman with choroidal melanoma (T3N0M0) on the right eye and failed graft on the left pseudophakic eye with far advanced glaucoma and ARMD. No treatment was given to the leading eye with VA 0,2. VA of OS = 1 / ∞ pr.l.certa; PKP OS in 2008 for pseudophakic bullous keratopathy on the eye with far advanced glaucoma. IOP was normal after previous filtering surgery. After PKP VA = 0,04; clear graft during 2 years; then gradually opacification and vascularization occurred. VA dropped to light perception. Echography OD — tumor h 8,29 mm, d 21,77 mm. No ingrowth of tumor into anterior segment of the eye; VA OD = 0 (no light perception). Concerning the need to enucleate the right eye with large choroidal melanoma, the advantage of using corneal autograft from OD to OS, location of tumor in the posterior pole with no ingrowth in anterior segment, the decision was made to perform the following operation — to enucleate the right eye and transplant simultaneously corneal graft from OD on OS. Patient was discharged from the Ophthalmology Hospital with VA OS = 0,01, during next week VA improved to 0,02. 8,0 mm graft is
clear, fixed with 8 interruptured and continious suture 10 / 0‑nylon. Anterior chamber — normal depth, atrophic iris, stable position of PC IOL. Optic nerve head is pale with subtotal deep glaucomatous excavation. Conclusion: presented case report demonstrates the rare
possibility to use cornea after enucleation the eye with large malignant tumor (located in the posterior pole) for grafting in the only eye with failed vascularised graft. It was the only possibility for this patient to restore some vision.