The literature review contains information on the anatomical and physiological features of the vessels of the conjunctiva, iris, ciliary body. There are data on the development and application of new non-invasive methods for the study of hemodynamics in the microvessels of anterior eye segment. To study the blood flow of the anterior segment of the eye, biomycroscopy, photography and videobiomicroscopy, television biomicroscopy of vessels, darkfield visualization, application fluorescence angiography, photoacoustic angiography, orthogonal polarization spectroscopy, laser Doppler flowmetry and OCT-angiography were used in recent years. These methods allow to determine the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of conjunctiva, iris, ciliary body microcirculation. They are highly informative for assess of various drugs effect on the vascular eye system. Investigation of hemodynamics in the eye microvessels is necessary for a fundamental approach to the study of the pathophysiology of systemic circulatory pathologies (with arterial hypertension, diabetes, etc.) and changes in regional blood flow in organ of vision disease. Monitoring of anterior segment microcirculation in clinical practice makes possible to monitor the effectiveness of drug and surgical treatment.

The purpose: The development of micro invasive scleral fixation technology of the foldable IOL, the evaluation of its efficiency, reliability and security.

Patients and Methods. The study was conducted in a group of 196 patients (201 eyes). Micro invasive scleral fixation technique of the flexible IOL was used in secondary IOL implantatiоn in aphakic eyes, reimplantation elastic IOL, and in challenging clinical situations in phacoemulsification. The IOL implantation was performed through a corneal incision of 2.2–2.75 mm by using the injector. Used IOL made of hydrophilic acryl (Rayner). For fixation the threads of the suture PC-9 to the IOL haptic elements have them flashing. Transscleral puncture ab interno was performed in 3.0 mm from the limbus without conductors. For fixation to the sclera used many-tier self-submersible knot without incisions and sutures on conjunctiva and the sclera. To achieve the target refraction the optical power of the IOLs was decreased by 1.0–1.5 D from the calculated.

Results. In almost all cases, was obtained a reliable fixation of the IOL without significant tilting optics and decentration. The target refraction was achieved in 90% of cases. The percentage of lost endothelial cells ranged from 1.6 to 3.8 %,with an average value of 2.2%. In 8 cases after transscleral puncture there were small hemorrhages. Transient hypertension of varying severity occurred in 22 cases. In 3 cases there was a dislocation of the IOL due to the eruption of one of the many-tier self-submersible knot through the sclera. Partial externalization many-tier knot via the conjunctiva was noted in 5 cases.

Conclusion. The presented technology scleral fixation flexible IOL is a simple, reliable and micro-invasive. Using the selected IOL models with the flashing of its haptics elements ensures reliable fixation and centration. Injection implantation allows the use of a small incision of 2.2 mm. The many-tier self-submersible knot eliminates the need for incisions and sutures for conjunctiva and the sclera. If you make the necessary amendments refractive outcome is reliably predictable. The percentage of complications specific for scleral fixation of small.

Purpose: to analyze the data obtained from a multicenter study of the hydrophobic IOL Citrin and a hydrophilic IOL Aquamarine implantation and a comparison of the Acrysoft IQ with Citrine and IOL by the given parameters.

Patients and methods. A total of 100 IOLs produced by NanOptic (96 hydrophobic IOLs Citrine and 4 hydrophilic IOLs Aquamarine) and 24 IOL Acrysoft IQ were implanted. 7 ophthalmological clinics in different Russian cities took part in the study. The observation period was from 1 to 10 months. The indication for phacoemulsification was age cataract in 99 cases (99 eyes). The clear lens was removed for refractive purpose in one patient (2 eyes) with high degree of myopia. The age of the patients was 34–81. The basic examination was made for patients before the operation. The mean uncorrected visual acuity before the operation was (UCVA) 0.13±0.14 (0.001–0.6), the average corrected visual acuity (BVVA) was 0.32±0.28 (0.001–0.85). All patients underwent standard phacoemulsification.

Results. There were no complication in the early postoperative period. In the postoperative period, the mean UCVA was 0.52±0.24 (0.2–1.0), the mean VCVA was 0.75±0.24 (0.3–1.0). In all cases, the refraction obtained was consistent with the prediction. The error in calculating the IOL was minimal and permissible. In 72% cases, the threshold contrast sensitivity was normal or slightly decreased. In some cases, there were difficulties in implantation of a hydrophobic IOL. At the same time, difficulties in implanting the hydrophilic IOL weren’t registered.

Conclusions. The first results of implantation of new Russian IOLs on the given parameters appeared to be satisfactory. Further research, including the dynamic long term observation of the implantation results is required.

Purpose: to describe our experience in Acanthamoeba keratitis diagnostics and treatment in the FGBNU Research Institute of eye diseases, Moscow.

Patients and Methods. We observed 24 patients (25 eyes) with the Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK). The age ranged from 18 to 47 years. All patients, except one, were contact lenses wearers. Clinical signs included superficial epithelial-stromal lesions in 8 patients (8 eyes), stromal forms of AK- in 16 patients (17 eyes), and mixed keratitis in 9 (9 eyes). We used confocal microscopy, conjunctival smearing and blood immunofluorescent analysis for HSV types I and II. 8 patients (8 eyes) underwent penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) and their corneal buttons were morphologically examined. AK treatment included 2 biguanid antiseptics — a PHMB ("Comfort-drops" — solution for contact lenses care) and 0.025% solution of a chlorhexidini bigluconati, or "Vitabact" in frequent instillations. We also used Diflucan solution 0.2% instillations — 6–8 times a day in, and Orungal or Diflucan per os (200 mg once a day). Eye drops of aminoglycozide or fluorhinolon groups were added to the treatment as well. In the cases of mixed Acanthamoeba and HSV keratitis we used anti-herpetic medications (Poludan, Acyclovir).

Results. Cysts were found with confocal microscopy in 66% examined patients, and in 75% of the corneal buttons after keratoplasty. 15 cases (60%) healed with various intensity opacities. We removed corneal epithelium in 2 patients with poor effect of the medication treatment. 8 patients (8 eyes) underwent PKP with transparent (2 patients) and a semi-transparent engraftment (2 patients), in 4 cases (4 eyes) AK recurrences had occurred, what required repeated surgery. Long persistence of Acanthamoeba cysts in the cornea after clinical recovery caused the admission of 2 antiseptic biguanids eye drops for 6–20 months in all patients. There were no recurrences in the group of patients during the observation period (range 1 to 6 years).

Conclusion. AK is an extremely dangerous cornea disease , in most cases developing with contact lenses. Effective instrumental diagnostics methods of AK are confocal microscopy and morphological examination of distant corneal discs. Often, AK combined with a herpetic and bacterial infection (mixed keratitis). AK treatment requires the active use of several antiseptic agents with amoebicidal action, mycostatic drugs, antibiotics and other drugs. Therapeutic keratoplasty, often necessary in AK, accompanied by a high risk of complications and relapses of the disease, but in 50% cases, good results were achieved.

Purpose. To compare the efficacy, safety and predictability of presbyopia correction by the PRK with application of a bi-aspheric multifocal profile on the cornea with PresbyMax software for patients with hyperopia and myopia.

Patients and methods: There were 2 patients group of 25 people each (50 eyes). They were operated with PRK method with application of a multifocal biaspheric profile for simultaneous correction of ametropia and presbyopia. Group I — patients with myopia and presbyopia. Group II — patients with hypermetropia and presbyopia.

Results. In the group 1 year post operation binocular DUCVA was 0,93±0,19, NUCVA — 0,86±0,14, IUCVA — 0,67±0,11. Only two eyes (4 %) lost DBCVA on the 1–2 lines. Target refraction of a dominant eye — emmetropia was 72 % of patients, 28 % observed myopia of –0,75 D. Target refraction of a nondominant eye was –0,75, 68 % had this result, 28 % had deviation –0,50 D of the target refraction, and 4 % — 1,00 D. In group 2 a year post operation binocular DUCVA was 0,96±0,16, NUCVA — 0,77±0,19, IUCVA — 0,64±0,15. Only two eyes (4 %) lost DBCVA on the 1–2 lines. Target refraction of a dominant eye — emmetropia was 72 % of patients, 28 % observed myopia of –0,75 D. Target refraction of a nondominant eye was –0,75, 68 % had this result, 32 % had deviation to –0,75 D of the target refraction.

Conclusions. PRK with application of a bi-aspheric multifocal profile on the cornea using PresbyMAX software and µ-monovision is effective for correction myopia and hypermetropia. Simultaneous correction of ametropia and presbyopia by the PRK method with the application of the multifocal biospheric profile to the cornea with the formation of a slight anisometropia (the concept of µ-monovision) with the PresbyMax software is an effective, safe and predictable method of surgical intervention, both in myopia and hypermetropia.

Purpose: to estimate the indications for prosthesis in patients with eye’s subatrophy without pre-enucleation or evisceration and after it.

Patients and methods: There were 152 patients with post-traumatic subatrophy (av.age — 46,1 years) under supervision since 2010 till 2017. Group I — 102 patients (67,1%) with locomotory stump after enucleation: 56 (55%) — after enucliation, 46 (45%) — after eviciration. Group II — 50 patients (32.9%) with prosthesis without prior enucliation or eviciration. All patients underwent visometry, biomicroscopy, ultrasonic biometry, ultrasound B scan, tonometry, radiography and computed tomography of cranium, as well as an im-munological examination of the blood to detect the presence of sensitization to the tissues of the eye. The indications for enucliation in group I were I stage of subatrophy combined with post-traumatic subacute uveitis and sympathetic ophthalmia threatened the second eye [38 (37,2%) eyes] and II and III stage of eyeball’s subatrophy with fast and slow progressive form [64 (85,3%) eyes]. There were 58 (56.8%) men, 41 (40.2 %) women и 3 (3.0%) children in I group. Prosthesis was made for 22 patients (44%) with 2 stage of subatrophy and 28 (56%) with 3 stage. There were 44 (84.3%) adults [28 (66.7%) men, 16 (33.3%) women] и 6 (15,7%) children. The remaining sensitization to the vascular antigen with the background of steroid therapy is an absolute indication for eyeball’s removal in posttraumatic subatrophy. Contraindications to prosthetics of subatrophic eyes without preliminary enucleation or evisceration are positive results of immunological examination of blood, clinical manifestations of slow uveitis, high intraocular pressure and recurrent giphemes. According to our observations, it was possible to perform cosmetic rehabilitation without removing the eyeball in the late post-traumatic period (10–12 months after injury) in the absence of sensitization to the S-antigen of the eye tissues in 32.9% patients with posttraumatic subatrophy.

Conclusion. Enucleation was and remains a radical treatment method of posttraumatic subatrophy. For the best cosmetic results of prosthetics, eye removal should be performed with the formation of the locomotor stump and implantation of the orbital inserts.

Purpose. To investigate the potential of diffusion tensor MRT (DT-MRT) in diagnosing the changes of central departments of the visual analyzer in primary open angle glaucoma.

Patients and Methods. 16 patients underwent DT-MRT: 12 patients had a prior diagnosis of different stages of glaucoma and 4 acted as controls. Brain examination included both standard (T1, T2, MPR) and special modes (diffusion-weighted imaging with DT tractographic mapping, grey matter morphometry). The main parameter obtained during this exam is fractional anisotropy, which represents brain structures directional organization and integrity. Results. Two main parameters — fractional anisotropy (FA) and fractional anisotropy variability (ΔFA) — were obtained for left and right lateral geniculate body and optic radiation in 3 cross-sections (15–17). We considered FA decrease and ΔFA increase to be the sign of visual pathways integrity loss due to axonal transport defects. Glaucoma patients showed a statistically significant FA decrease in the lower section (FA 14) compared to the control patients (median values 0,74 and 0,77 correspondingly, р<0,01, Mann-Whitney test). FA longitudinal variability of the left hemisphere in the middle section (ΔFA 13) correlated with glaucoma stage as well as retina and optic nerve head morphometric parameters.

Conclusion. FA longitudinal variability parameter, obtained with DT-MRT, showed a statistically significant correlation with morphometric and functional of the retina and optic nerve head evaluated with HRT, OCT and SAP perimetry. A high correlation of ΔFA with glaucoma stage indicates the neurodegenerative process spread to the visual centers in the course of disease progression.

Purpose: to analysis of the results of bidirectional corneal applanation and electron tonography in patients after vitrectomy and to tormulate practical recommendations on the research results.

Patients and methods. 96 patients (96 eyes) with epiretinal fibrosis (37%) and idiopathic macular orifice (63%) were examined. Bidirectional corneal applanation (ORA) and electron tonography were used to determine the intraocular pressure. The main criteria for selection in the study groups were absence of traction retina detachment, the implementation of transciliary vitrectomy without use of silicone oil tamponade, no need for intra- and postoperative panretinal lacer coagulation were. All subjects had emmetropic refraction. Patients didn’t reserved instillations of corticosteroids, because corticosteroids lead to iatrogenic effects on the hydrodynamic parameters in the postoperative period.

Results. According to electronic tonography in the postoperative period, an increase in IOP by 10%, intraocular fluid production by 53% was noted. According to the ORA, the increase in corneal-compensated pressure was 20%. A statistically significant decrease in corneal hysteresis was also detected in 7%. According to both methods of IOP, similar trends in its changes after removal of the vitreous body were obtained. Vitrectomy is accompanied not only by an increase in IOP, but also by a change in the biomechanical properties of the fibrous tunic, which can affect the accuracy of ophthalmotonometry. The accuracy of determining the level of IOP by electron tonography is strongly deepens on the presence of edema and the shape of the cornea, as well as biomechanical changes in the fibrous membrane of the eye after vitrectomy.

Conclusion. Bidirectional corneal applanation is a non-contact, safe method. It can be used to accurately measure IOP after vitrectomy. This method is objective, independent of the error of the operator, fast and easy to use. We consider that surgery must use IOP screening up to 6 months after the operation and refusal to use steroid drugs in the postoperative period because of the tendency to changes in hydrodynamics after vitrectomy.

Purpose: To study by using microperimetry a degree of functional disorders of retinal peripapillary area in patients with initial stage of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), to analyze correlation relationship of the microperimetry parameters and the main morphometric parameters of the optic nerve head (OND).

Patients and methods. There were 51 patients (98 eyes) in the study aged from 50 to 72 years (average age 58,37 ± 9,41 years) with the initial stage of POAG. The control group consisted of 50 somatically healthy persons (99 eyes) without ophthalmological pathology. In addition to the standard ophthalmologic examination, the special methods included: optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the posterior segment of the eye (Optovue Avanti RTVue XR, USA) and microperimetry (Macular Integrity Assessment (MAIA), USA). Statistical analysis of the received data were processed with the IBM SPSS Statistics v.21 program (standard methods of descriptive statistics).

Results. Microperimetry has shown a significant statistical difference of MI parameters (29,68 ± 23,18) and AvTh (27,63 ± 3,38 dB) in patients with initial stage of POAG from those in the control group (p <0,01). The highest correlation of morphometric parameters and microperimetry parameters was defined in MI patients with POAG with the focal loss of volume (FLV) of ganglion cells complex (GCC) (ρ = 0,642, p <0,001). A significant positive relationship of moderate strength was found between microperimetry parameter MI in patients with POAG and the FVL GCC (ρ = 0,346, p <0,01), a moderate negative relationship with the index of MI was obtained with an average GCC thickness (ρ = -0,378, p <0 , 01), and an average RNFL thickness (ρ = -0,355, p <0,01). In patients with POAG a significant moderate positive relationship of AvThr parameter was identified with BCVA (ρ = 0,324, p <0,01), a moderate negative relationship of AvThr parameter with age (ρ = -0,401, p <0,01).

Conclusion. Application of microperimetry confirms involvement of the macular area in the pathological process in POAG. In the early stages of glaucoma neuroretinopathy is manifested both as regarding microperimetry functional data and OCT morphometric parameters.

Objective: To compare corneal endothelial indexes in eyes with pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) and without it, and identify the dependence of corneal endothelial cell density (CD) on the age and stage of glaucoma.

Patients and Methods: The study included 55 people (96 eyes). There were 53 eyes with PEX and 43 eyes without it. Patients were divided into 2 age groups: 40–60 years (41 eyes) and 61–80 years (55 eyes). The groups were homogeneous with respect to the level of IOP, Central corneal thickness, anteposterior axis of the eye and the stages of glaucoma. Endothelial microscopy was performed on a SP-3000P (Topcon). Statistical processing was made with "SPSS 16.0 for Windows"(methods of variation statistics, discriminant analysis).

Results: There were significant difference in eyes with PEX and without PEX in CD in ages of 40–60 years (2309,57±87,77 cells/mm² and 2642,39±64,81 cells/mm², p=0.005) and 61–80 years (2247,02±59,5 (cells/mm2 and 2590,18±93,39 cells/mm2, p=0.004), as well as in the average surface area of endothelial cell (434,08±17,43 µm² and 385,17±9,57 µm², p=0,024; 461,14±15,23 µm² and of 395.00±13,21 µm², p=0.002, respectively).There was age difference of CD reduction: the highest CD was at 40–50 years (2722.75±63.05 cells/mm²), and at 81–90 years if fells to 1872.67±417.29 cells/mm² (at a given age are found only patients with PEX). Revealed that the CD is dependent on the stage of glaucoma: the density was highest in the absence of glaucoma (2603.00±162.61 cells/mm²) and at an initial stage of glaucoma (2480.65±48.88 cells/mm²), while the density was lowest at stage 3 of glaucoma (2118.73±150.51 cells/mm²). Here reducing of the CD was due to patients with PEX, while in patients without PEX the differences were not statistically significant in different stages of glaucoma.

Conclusion: Our study showed that the eyes with PEX are characterized by a more pronounced damage to the corneal endothelium, than eyes without it. The condition of endothelium cells worsens in eyes with PEX, depending on the age and stage of glaucoma. Thus, the performing of endothelial microscopy can be seen as a necessary tool in the monitoring of patients with PEG for the solution of a question on tactics of treatment and timely phacoemulsification.

Purpose: to develop a screening strategy for the early diagnosis of primary open-angle glaucoma.

Patients and Methods: 1 group — 250 patients with suspected glaucoma (42–75 years), 2 — 250 with the 1st stage primary open-angle glaucoma (42–61), 3 — 3,000 healthy persons (35 to 50). Surveys: visometry, tonometry iCare, biomicroscopy, gonioscopy, pachymeria, ophthalmoscopy with a high dioptric lens of 60 D, standard automated perimetry of the SITA-Standard and SITA-SWAP program, assessing the color sensitivity according to the Famsworth-Munsell 100 HueTes method.

Results: 1 group — SITA-SWAP: MD -2,55±0,7 dB, PSD 2,46±1,15 dB. Mansell test: TES = 58.6±18.7 (p<0.05), average level of color recognition; mild deficiency of color vision — 41–100 TES; by the RGB system: colors of the first order; tone in RGB (0–239): blue — 160; HCV: blue — 240; range of wavelengths: blue — 440–485 nm; frequency: blue — 620–680 THz. 2 group — on SITA-SWAP: MD — 5,13±1,3 dB, PSD 2,58±0,9 dB. Mansell test: TES = 86,9±21,8; average level of color recognition; mild deficiency of color vision; single deviations in the system of blue (azure, blue, blue); color I order (blue), III order (blue, azure); tone in RGB — (0–239): blue (azure, blue) — 140, blue — 160; HCV — blue (azure, blue) — 210, blue — 240; range of wavelengths: 450–500 nm (blue — 485–500, blue — 440–485); frequencies: 600–680 THz (blue — 600–620, blue — 620–680). Control group — SITA-SWAP within the norm, Mansell test: TES = 40,1±17,3 (p<0.05), medium level of color recognition, lack of color vision absent / mild, single deviations.

Conclusion: in patients with glaucoma suspicion, the score of errors was higher than in the control group with Munsell test. In patients with glaucoma, the number of errors is greater than in patients with suspected glaucoma, and 2.2 times higher than in the control group.

Purpose: to evaluate the permeability of the scleral tissue for ultraviolet A (UVA).

Materials and Methods. The study was conducted on 15 cadaver porcine eyes. Rectangular scleral flap 12*15 mm was cut out from each eyeball. The thickness of the sample was measured with a digital caliper. The outer surface of the scleral flap was irradiated with ultraviolet A. A sensor of the UV-radiometer was placed under the sample. It measured the UVA irradiance passing through the sclera. The absorption coefficient of ultraviolet A by the sclera was calculated from the formula derived from the Bouguer-Lambert Beer law: , where  E₀ — the absorption coefficient, mm^-1;  — irradiance of the transmitted light, mW/cm²; I₀ — irradiance of the received light, mW/cm²; — thickness of the sclera, mm.

Results. The absorption coefficient of ultraviolet A by the sclera was 4,91±0,43 mm^-1. According literature the threshold damaging radiation for retina is 7.7 J/cm². Substituting these values in the converted formula of the Bouguer-Lambert-Beer law, we can derive an equation for calculating the threshold UVA irradiation dose of the sclera: , where ₀ — the threshold UVA irradiation dose of the sclera, J/cm²;  — the base of the natural logarithm; — thickness of the sclera, mm.

Conclusion. The absorption coefficient of ultraviolet A by the cadaver porcine sclera is 4,91±0,43 mm^-1. The derived formula of the threshold UVA irradiation dose of the sclera calculating allows to avoid the threatening for the retina procedure parameters in the performance of the scleral crosslinking with riboflavin/UVA.

Objective. Investigation of the cytological and immunological effects, caused by the simultaneous exposure of normal Chanq conjunctiva cells to ophthalmic drugs Broxinac® and Ophthalmoferon®, in order to improve the evaluation techniques of ophthalmic drugs combinations in vitro.

Material and methods. A transplantable culture of normal Chang conjunctiva cells, clone 1-5 C-4, was used. The drugs Broksinak® and Oftalmoferon® were quantified by their effect on cell viability using the MTT method. The change in cell morphology during the cultivation process was studied by intravital visual observation. The effect of the combination of drugs on the functional activity of conjunctival cells was assessed by production of cytokines at the level of their in vitro transcription.

Results. The investigated drugs (dilutions 1/512-1/2048 Broksinak® and 1/32-1/2048 Oftalmoferon®) were incubated with human Chang conjunctiva cells for 48 hours and did not cause an inhibition of growth activity or viability, and did not change the morphology of the cells, and the test sample was not different from the state of the control cells. Cytokine production by cells of the conjunctiva when exposed to Broksinak® alone stimulated secretion of antiviral IFN-α and IFN-λ and inhibition of production of proinflammatory IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-8, IL-12. Ophthalmoferon stimulated the production of IFN-α and VEGF R1. The production of RNA IFN-α, IFN-λ2, IL-2, IL-12 was observed in drug’s combination.

Сonclusions. The combined use of Broksinak® and Oftalmoferon® on human Chang conjunctiva cells results in the formation of an adequate antiviral and anti-inflammatory cytokine response: i.e. increase of IFNalpha production, IFN-lambda, IL-2 and IL-12.

673 Tubalars have been examined during the expeditions undertaken by the Institute staff. It was 67% of all ethnic groups, compactly living in the Altai Republic. We have also examined 521 Russians and 316 Métis (children of a Russian and an Altaian). The overall incidence of ophthalmopathology (N00-59, Q12-14, D31, S05) at Tubalars amounted to 1965,82 ‰. Among Tubalars the prevalence of eye diseases has been found in females (women — 2075,54 ‰; men — 1896,88 ‰). Age affects the ophthalmopathology incidence in the population of Tubalars. The structure and the incidence of eye diseases in Tubalars has been proven: anomalies of refraction and accommodation disorders (799,40 ‰); conjunctival diseases (390,79 ‰); diseases of the retina (212,48 ‰); disease of the lens (164,93 ‰); other eye diseases and neoplasms of its ancillary apparatus (124,81 ‰); diseases of the lacrimal apparatus (112,93 ‰). Women Tubalars suffered from cataracts more frequently than men (p = 0.045). This is probably due to the higher life expectancy of women and more frequent recording of the age-related cataract in this group. Over the past 25 years the agerelated cataracts in Altaians have been registered in younger age. Age-related cataracts prevailed over other forms of cataract both in Tubalars (148.59 ‰), and Russians (307.1 ‰), Métis (44.3 ‰), and the most common stage of development of senile cataract in Tubalars (90%), Russian (93%) and Métis (93%) was an initial cataract. Retinal Diseases in Tubalars occurred mainly in patients over 30, with the indicators of higher values in the age group 50-59 years (about 456.89%) and 60-69 years (675,78 ‰). In the structure of retinal diseases in all three ethnic groups background retinopathy dominated, among which the first place was occupied by the retinopathy of hypertensive type (p = 0,000). The hypotonic type of retinopathy was less frequent — 16,34 ‰ (for Tubalars p = 0,000). In women, the retinopathy of hypertensive type was recorded 1.5 times higher than in men (p = 0,031).