Herpes viruses are a large group of DNA viruses causing a wide variety of diseases in humans. The exponential growth of medicine in general and advanced achievements of virology in particular authentically verified a wide spectrum of diseases in humans caused by or associated with herpesvirus infections. Eight types of herpes viruses particularly human simplex type 1 and 2, varicella-zoster, Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, roseoloviruses type 6 and 7, and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus were described in the article. This overview highlights the main issues of worldwide epidemiology, basic virology and clinical manifestations of herpes virusesinduced diseases and associated conditions, including general and ophthalmic disorders. Their prevalence in the world accounts for the almost the entire population. The majority human herpes viruses are typically acquired in infancy or early adulthood as a primary disease, and infect neurons, lymphoid or epithelial cells to persist for life and establish a latent infection. Reactivated human herpes viruses may present different clinical pictures and induce a broad spectrum of illnesses ranging from asymptomatic carrier state to recurrent life-threatening conditions and fatal diseases, especially in immunocompromised patients. This review particularly highlights the description of the diseases affecting the eye: anterior and posterior herpes-associated uveitis and acute retinal necrosis. Clinically herpes viruses can manifest in a variety of eye symptoms and signs complicating the diagnosis. Viral DNA in the eye mediums and tissues detection by means of PCR seems to be a challenge for practitioners. Thus, the review of latest research and developments indicate the need for newer diagnostic and management approaches to counter the herpes virus infectious.

The relevance of the modern diagnosis of meibomian glands dysfunction (MGD) increases daily. Firstly, it is caused by changing of the perception about the prevalence of this disease, according to various data it is from 40 to 71% of the population in different age groups. Considering the increasing number of patients suffering from MGD, there is the need to develop screening methods for diagnosis of this disease. Screening methods should be available not only for specialists involved in the treatment of xerosis keratoconjunctival in specialized ophthalmology clinics, but also in out-patient sector. An important aspect in the diagnosis of the severity of the functional
disorders of the meibomian glands is the assessment of morphological status that determines the further choice of therapy. To evaluate the morphological and functional state of the meibomian glands proposed to use biometrics of meibomian glands. A slit lamp is used for examination. Furthermore, objective data characterizing the morpho-functional state of the meibomian glands, can be obtained by carrying out meibography. Authors used not only white light but also infrared light for the visualization of meibomian glands during meibography. The multifunctional ophthalmic devices equipped with infrared lighting can be used for lighting. For example, specialized slit lamps, corneal topographs, Sheympflyug camera, the fundus camera and others. We applied nonmidriatic fundus camera TOPCON TRC-NW300, using for fotoregistration of the ocular fundus. A feature of the proposed method — meyboskopy — was simplicity and absence of necessity of the investigator skills by scanning with the fundus camera of the inner surface of the eyelid. Meiboskopy doesn’t require  additional equipment and software of the fundus camera and allows to receive objective quality video of meibomian glands, it opens new diagnostic possibilities. Extending of the range of diagnostic capabilities in detecting of MGD based on the screening methods will allow time to assess the severity of this disease and to appoint pathogenetically substantiated therapy.

Purpose. To determine the long-term status of the corneal endothelium after anterior radial keratotomy. Patients and methods. The main group consisted of 69 patients (104 eyes) who underwent radial or radial-tangential keratotomy to correct myopia and myopic astigmatism an average of 23,1±2,8 years ago (range 16 to 30 years). The average age of patients was 53,8±5,7 years (range 39 to 65 years). The number of keratotomy scars ranged from 4 to 14. Repeated keratotomy was performed on 8 eyes. The control group consisted of 56 patients (110 eyes) aged from 39 to 64 years
(average 54,2±4,3 years) with refractive-axial myopia from medium to high stage, whom potentially could be done anterior keratotomy in the 90th of the last century. Patients with concomitant pathology and ocular trauma that could lead to loss of
endothelial cells were excluded from both groups. Corneal endothelium cell densit y, polimegatizm, pleomorphism in addition to standard eye examination were performed to all patients with the help of contactless endothelial microscope «EM-3000» company Tomey (Japan). Results. In the control group endothelial cell densit y averaged 2734,8±121,2 cells /mm2, in the main group — 2134,2±299,1 cells/mm2 (p <0,05), in group after repeated keratotomy — 1679,9±327,3 cells/mm2 (p≤0,0001). Endothelial cell densit y in patients with biomicroscopic signs of intraoperative perforation of the cornea — an average of 2012,2±245,7 cells/mm2, without signs of perforation — 2378,4±242,9 cells/mm2. In the main group the coefficient of variation averaged 0,47±0,06, in the control group — 0,28±0,03 (p<0,05). In the main group percentage of hexagonal cells averaged 37,9±9,4, in the control group — 69,2±6,3 (p<0,05). Conclusions. Anterior keratotomy leads to a significant reduction in the endothelial cell densit y, increasing the size and coefficient of variation, decreasing percentage
of hexagonal cells in the long-term. Endothelial cell densit y is significantly lower in patients after repeated keratotomy and in patients with the signs of corneal intraoperative perforations.

Purpose: To evaluate posterior capsule opacification (PCO) formation dynamic rate and frequency in artificial eyes with myopia in different terms after cataract extraction and it’s relation with IOL material. Patients and methods. An evaluation of PCO formation
dynamic rate and frequency was done by using a retrospective analysis of YAG-laser assist posterior capsule dissections in different terms after cataract extraction on 45640 eyes of 43520 patients with emmetropia and myopia without concomitant pathology.
The mean patient’s age was 73±7 years and the least follow-up after  hacoemulsification was 5 years. All eyes were divided on two groups. The first group included 25339 eyes where a hydrophilic IOL was implanted; the second group included 20301 eyes where a hydrophobic IOL was implanted. Results. At the first group the YAG-laser assist posterior capsule dissection was done on 2128 (8,4%) eyes. It was shown a proportional influence of axial length on PCO frequency but more rapidly the PCO rate increased between 26 to 28 mm and then this parameter had stabilization. The PCO dynamic rate had a normal statistical corresponding in the group with maximum at third postoperative year. At the second group YAG-laser assist posterior capsule dissection was done on 244 (1,2%) eyes. It was shown a proportional influence of axial length on PCO frequency too. But increasing of axial length more than 28 mm
increased PCO rate correspondingly that differ the second group from the first. The PCO dynamic rate had an inversely proportional character in the group. Comparing the PCO frequency in both groups showed that hydrophobic material has less PCO rate with any axial length and every time of follow-up. Conclusion. An IOL’s material plays an important role in PCO formation and PCO formation dynamic rate. Hydrophobic material has a statistically significant less PCO frequency through five-year follow-up in eyes with myopia and emmetropia. The PCO dynamic rate strongly differ between groups with a normal statistical corresponding in group 1 and inversely proportional in group 2.

Purpose: to study the possibility of early clinical diagnosis of endocrine ophthalmopathy based on ocular symptoms of hyperthyroidism. Patients and methods: we analyzed the prevalence of ocular symptoms of hyperthyroidism in 139 patients (278 orbits) with newly diagnosed endocrine ophthalmopathy (group 1), developed on the background of diffuse toxic goiter. The comparison group consisted of 80 patients (160 orbits) with newly diagnosed diffuse toxic goiter with no radiographic evidence of endocrine ophthalmopathy (group 2). All patients were examined by an ophthalmologist and endocrinologist. We analyzed the prevalence of ocular symptoms of hyperthyroidism (symptom Dalrymple’, Mobius’, Zenger’, and combinations thereof), often encountered in diffuse toxic goiter, flowing with endocrine ophthalmopathy, and/or lack thereof - in the group of “thyrotoxic exophthalmos”. We took into account the frequency distribution of these clinical signs, and their combinations. We analyzed the clinical sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis based on the three most common symptoms, and their combinations, associated both with thyrotoxicosis and with endocrine ophthalmopathy. Results: Dalrymple’ symptom, is more common in thyrotoxic exophthalmos than with endocrine ophthalmopathy (compared to 100.0% versus 61.9 %, p<0,001). This suggests that Dalrymple’ symptom leads to over diagnosis aspect endocrine ophthalmopathy. It is obvious that it can be used to recognize and thyrotoxic exophthalmos hyperthyroidism, but you cann’t credibly claim based on orbit about the presence of the disease. In this aspect, the greatest practical interest to provide a comparative assessment of the frequency of detection of symptoms of Mobius’ and Zenger’ and their combinations in a population of endocrine ophthalmopathy and in the group of thyrotoxic exophthalmos. Significantly more symptoms Zenger’ and Mobius’ developed with endocrine ophthalmopathy (66,2% and 81,7% vs. 7,5% and 15,0%, respectively, p<0,001). It had the highest sensitivity and symptoms of Mobius’, Zenger’ (reached 83.5% and 66.2%, respectively). It proved to be less sensitive symptom Dalrymple’ (61.9%) and a combination of these symptoms. The highest specificity (98.1%) showed a combination of three symptoms were less specific symptoms tandem Zenger’ and Mobius’ (93.8%) and the tandem symptom Dalrymple’ with Zenger’ symptoms (92.5%). In other words, identifying a patient at the
same time the three symptoms: Mobius’, Dalrymple’ and Senger’, or both symptoms and Senger’, Mobius’ allows to clinically diagnose with a high probability his endocrine ophthalmopathy, and conversely, a negative result of the test eliminates the desired highly specific disease. Conclusion: The presented results of statistical studies reveal the possibility of early clinical diagnosis of subclinical forms of endocrine ophthalmopathy based on monosymptom thyrotoxicosis Mobius’ and Zenger’, their tandem, as well as combinations of the symptoms of Mobius’, Zenger’ and Dalrymple’.

Refractive error is one of the most actual problems of pediatric ophthalmology. Late and incomplete correction of refractive errors leading to amblyopia, the disruption of the formation of binocular vision, strabismus friendly. As a gross cosmetic defect and combined with violation of visual functions, strabismus in children presents as a psychophysical and social problem, making it difficult to establish social ties, often becoming an obstacle in acquiring the desired profession. A particularly difficult problem is forms of strabismus: paralytic, alphabetical (V, A, X) and other syndromes ( Duane, brown DVD, etc.) in which involved in the pathological process not only the muscles of the horizontal and vertical actions, but also one of the causes are functional disorders. In the syndrome of “V” and converging strabismus, the angle of deflection decreases when you look up and increases when looking down; in case of diverging
strabismus, the deviation is more when you look up and less when looking down. A thorough examination of a comprehensive personalized treatment, including pleopto-orthope-diploptic, training accommodation and convergence allows to restore visual function and binocular vision and to avoid secondary deviance. One-stage surgical intervention in combined horizontal-vertical strabismus with hyperfunction of the lower oblique muscle on horizontal and vertical muscle groups is an effective method of treatment allows to increase the effectiveness of surgical treatment to reduce the frequency of anesthesia, to reduce the number of repeated operations. Appointment postoperative functional treatment is an integral component of the strabismus correction and allows to achieve stable binocular functions, and further stand orthophoria.

Effectiveness of the patients with the vitreoretinal pathology with different quality of life (QL) comparative evaluation methods. Methods. 129 patients (before and after standard vitrectomy) with the 3 types of the vitreretinal pathology were examined (38 — with intraocular hemorrhage, 43 — proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), 48 — retinal detachment). Complex examination (36 clinical, haemodynamic and electrophysiological indications) were performed before and 1 month after surgery. QL research was based on the QL-25 (Russian type of the VFQ-25), QL-9 (Russian type of VF-14) and authorial QL-20 questionnaire. Results. QL increasing was detected after the surgery (15.8–20.9%) in all cases of the vitreoretinal pathology type. Correlation analysis of the different QL has
shown obvious QL-20 advantages, comparing to QL-9 and mostly QL-25, that was indicated by the statistically significant difference of the middle (all 36 indicators) KK (0,44±0,02; 0,35±0,02; 0,15±0,03) and higher KK relating to prognostic informative vision indicators (0,75–0,84; 0,69–0,74; 0,21–0,70). Conclusion. Results indicate actuality of the QL-20 method adaption in dispensary observation of the patients with different types of vitreoretinal pathology.

Purpose. Assessment of the effectiveness of low-frequency magnetic therapy on the dynamics of intraocular pressure in the treatment of primary and uncompensated medical means of open-angle glaucoma. Patients and Methods. 46 patients with uncompensated open-angle glaucoma. The first group: 24 patients (42 eyes) with open-angle glaucoma (I, II, III stages during 2–13 years). The second group: 22 patients (22 eyes) with newly diagnosed elevated intraocular pressure in one eye. The age of patients ranged from 43 to 59 years. Treatment included antiglaucoma hypotensive eye drops and TRANS-orbital magnetic stimulation on the domestic device
“Polus-2”. Results. Intraocular pressure before treatment ranged from 25 to 32 mm Hg. (average of 28.9±1.4 mm Hg.) in the first group . After magnetic stimulation IOP decreased within 2–5 days in all patients to 18 to 21 mm Hg (average of 17.9±1.1 mm Hg), reaching values “pressure goal.” Second group: in the primary treatment in patients IOP was 28–39 mm Hg (average of 32.6±1.8 mm Hg) on one of the eyes. IOP decreased to 16–21 mm Hg in the period from 3 to 9 days in all patients of study group after daily magnetic stimulation and instillation of xalatan and timolol. In the control subgroup of patients with uncompensated openangle glaucoma lowering
of the IOP to “pressure goal,” noted only in 7 patients (70,0%) 11–14 days after instillation of anti-hypertensive glaucoma eye drops only. Conclusion. Low-frequency TRANS-orbital magnetic stimulation in enhanced hypotensive effect antiglaucomatous eye drops and makes it easier to achieve compensation of IOP to values “pressure goals” in patients with uncompensated open-angle glaucoma. The marked dependence of the efficiency of reduction of IOP from biotropic parameters of the magnetic field. The pulsed mode with a higher amplitude value of the magnetic induction has a more pronounced effect and makes it easier to achieve the reduction of IOP.

The article presents an analysis of literature data assessing the state of the eye accommodative system based on objective accomodography techniques. There are the results of the evaluation after the excimer laser correction of myopia in individuals of visually intensive work and patients with refractive errors after cataract phacoemulsification. We conclude that the current development stage of ophthalmic diagnostic equipment allows to consider the issues of clinical effectiveness optical correction from the standpoint of objective indicators accommodative system of the eye in fundamentally new way to.

Behcet’s disease (BD) — a systemic chronic idiopathic inflammatory recurrent disease of unknown etiology. The development of the disease involve a combination of various factors, among them the most important is genetic and infectious. Eye lesion is one of the most frequent and severe symptoms of Behcet’s disease. According to the literature, eye lesion appears in 54–90% cases. There are several types of Behcet’s disease: the front, posterior and panuveitis, retinal vasculitis, occlusion of the branches of the central retinal vein, episcleritis, scleritis, keratitis, anterior ischemic neuropathy, paralysis of the extraocular muscles, swelling of the macula. In 95% cases the process is bilateral, but the clinical signs are often asymmetrical. Ocular pathology usually develops after 2–3 years the onset of symptoms BD. We havn’t met in the literature any case of Behcet’s disease, which has begun with hemophthalmia. Taking all these points together it seems to us interesting to present a clinical case of Behcet’s disease which has debuted with a bilateral hemophthalmus. This article describes a clinical case of Behcet’s disease in a patient of 38 years old. The interest of this observation is caused by feature of the appearance of clinical symptoms. Bilateral hemophthalmus has originally appeared, twice (in 2013 and 2014) and has been treated. During the next hospitalization the treatment has produced the positive effect was less  pronounced. After that, patient has undergone bilateral vitrectomy (2014). In April 2015 there were recurrent mouth ulcers, and 3 months later groin ulcers has appeared, pain in the joints. The ophthalmologist examination has shown commenmorative signs of left uveitis. The patient was counseled at the Institute of Rheumatology, where were determined the diagnosis of Behcet’s disease.This paper shows the clinical data and the results of additional tests (OCT, fluorescein angiography, ultrasonography), the results of blood biochemical examination and immune status.

The problem of degenerative diseases of the vascular tract of the anterior eye`s segment is one of the insufficiently explored in ophthalmology. The relevance of the problem lies in the tactical difficulties in treatment of patients with atypical current secondary glaucoma, that develops as a result of degenerative changes of the eye`s anterior segment. First of all this refers to diseases combined by term thе iridocorneal endothelial syndrome. On the foot of the syndrome is the proliferation of pathologically altered corneal endothelium and its migration as a membrane on the trabecular area of the anterior chamber angle and anterior surface of the iris. This leads to development of secondary angle-closure glaucoma. Purpose. To optimize the approaches to the treatment of secondary decompensated refractory glaucoma on the basis of the clinical case analysis. Patient and methods. A case of bilateral progressive
mezodermal atrophy of the iris and the cornea on 49 years old patient, who appealed to the Kirov clinical Ophthalmology hospital in February 2015 year with repeatedly operated decompensated refractory glaucoma. The local status of the patient included: thinning of the front layer of iris, sometimes up to full atrophy with non-through defects and deformation of the pupil, precipitates and spots on the endothelium of the cornea, the anterior peripheral adhesions, membrane-like tissue on the trabecula and the front surface of the iris, glaucoma excavation of the optic disc. Results and discussion. A rare form of corneal endothelial syndrome: essential progressive atrophy of mezodermal of the iris and the cornea has been diagnosed. Pharmacological correction of the intraocular pressure and original drainage surgery was performed. As a result, the patient’s IOP decreased from 38 mm to 16 mm Hg pressure. Conclusions.
The unusual nature of secondary glaucoma, according with the progression of essential mezodermal atrophy of iris and cornea caused difficulties in diagnosing and treatment tactics. Correct diagnosis helped to choose the proper individual tactics of combined treatment that allowed to compensate glaucomatous process and save the visual functions for restore an active lifestyle of the patient.