The literature review provides information regarding the use of the fluorescein angiography of the fundus (FFA) in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Sanctified security issues FFA treatments in children; the use of FFA in the screening, diagnosis and determining the course of management of patients with ROP, data usage FFA in the assessment of treatment efficacy in ROP, and the role of FFA in detailing clinicalmorphometric classification of ROP. According to the data presented in domestic and foreign literature, the FFA is a highly informative method of research in preterm children with active stages of ROP. It can detect the degree of vascular disorders and prevalence of pathological process, including in cases when pathological changes are still not made available to other ophthalmic research.

The review presents data of the most common comorbid diseases in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma, the features of local and general influence of antiglaucoma drugs, as well as information about the possible drug interactions of local antihypertensive and systemic medicines. Local antihypertensive drugs are often embedded in the daily patients regimen of systemic drugs use. Up to
80 % of the active substances in ophthalmic drugs are absorbed systemically, while not subject to the primary stages of metabolism. Anti-glaucoma drugs can cause serious side effects: symptomatic bradycardia, various conduction disturbances in the heart muscle, orthostatic hypotension, syncope, dyspeptic symptoms, exacerbation of chronic diseases of the liver and kidneys, etc. In clinical studies, it was shown that the level of timolol in blood plasma correlates with the development of side effects from the cardiovascular system. In everyday ophthalmic practice, β-blockers are considered as drugs with a minimal number of adverse events, they are the most widely used in hypotensive glaucoma therapy. But another thing is also known: receptors for β-adrenergic blockers are present in almost all organs and tissues of the body. This circumstance determines the frequency, prevalence and nature of adverse events associated with β-blockers intake. with simultaneous systemic and topical application of β-blockers, mutual enhancement of effects is possible (additional IOP decrease and enhancement of β-adrenergic blocking effect on the cardiovascular system). If β₁-, β₂-adrenergic blockers and adrenergic psychotropic drugs should be used together with caution: the latter affect peripheral innervation, the α-adrenoblocking effect is most pronounced, resulting in a decrease in the strength of heart contractions, a drop in blood pressure until orthostatic hypotension develops. All mentioned above must be considered for choosing and prescribing antiglaucoma drugs. It increases compliance, patient’s quality of life and allows to stabilize the glaucomatous process.

Laser technologies of corneal surgery perfection was one of the important events in ophthalmology in the past decades. Despite to the significant success in refractive surgery and the achieved high result in visual acuity, the ideal healing of the cornea, the absence of dry eye syndrome, some patients in the postoperative period present asthenopic complaints. Patients may notice a decrease in visual acuity when working near, difficulty in refocusing from far to near distance, fuzzy, blurred images, red eyes, tearing, periodic or permanent diplopia at different distances in the postoperative period. Adaptation to emmetropic refraction in these patients can cause discomfort, headache and visual fatigue even with insignificant visual loads, which leads to the development of asthenopia and worsening of their subjective status. Corneal refractive surgery leads to changes in the anatomical and optic parameters of the eye, which contributes to the formation of new accommodation-convergence interactions. If the accommodative and binocular functions were disrupted preoperatively, there is a risk of decompensation and development of postoperative asthenopic syndrome (AS). Refractive surgery, saving patients from glasses and contact lenses, can not completely eliminate their existing imbalances between accommodation and convergence. This can be explained with the fact that the existence of a formed pathological system does not cease with the elimination of the etiologic factor. In order to correct the disturbed parameters, additional research methods and effective methods of functional treatment of patients in the postoperative period were suggested. However, most of them are aimed at pathogenetic effects on accommodative muscles, often without taking into account disturbances in the oculomotor apparatus and binocular function. Thus, existing algorithms for investigating and managing patients with refractive disorders do not allow us to identify predictors for the development of asthenopia before refractive surgery, there is no set of preventive restoration measures aimed at restoring accommodative capacity and binocular interaction in the preoperative period to increase satisfaction with the results of surgery in patients at risk of postoperative AS. 

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease that occurs in adults over 50 years old and the leading cause of irreversible blindness in developed countries. AMD is characterized with a lesion of retina macular area and leads to a deterioration in central vision. Therapy aimed at combating the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) resulted in an increase of corrected visual acuity in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Possible significant differences in the response to anti-VEGF therapy are due to the existence of several anti-VEGF agents with different molecular configurations. Currently, there is no consensus on classification of the optimal response or its absence with this method of treatment. In particular, there is confusion about such terms as “defendant status” after treatment with n-AMD, “tachyphylaxis” and “resistant” n-AMD. Drug tolerance is a pharmacological concept applicable to a patient’s response to a particular drug, with the physiological drug concentration is reducing in case of re-introduced. It requires the increasement the dose or frequency of drug administration to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. Tachyphylaxis is a term indicating a sudden decrease in response to a drug after its administration. This process can develop both after the initial or several administration in small doses. Tachyphylaxis develops in the background or after treatment with ranibizumab with at least two injections of the drug.Switching the treatment regimen to aflibercept or conbercept can be effective in patients resistant to bevascizumab or ranibizumab.The involvement of other pathological processes in the development mechanism of the neovascular form of AMD in addition to increased expression of VEGF dictates the need for combined therapy for this group of patients.

This article is dedicated to the realistic, present-day problem in treating patients with a damaged cornea. It contains a general summary of the practical experience of treatments in various spheres of medicine and in ophthalmology in particular, concerning the new developing method of restoring tissue with the aid of platelet rich plasma. This is a branch of regenerative medicine. In ophthalmology an effective method has long been sought for treating patients with a damaged cornea. It is well-known that platelet rich plasma contains a high quantity of elements which contribute to growth: thrombocyte, transformation, insulin-like, epidermal etc. And although the mechanism of the parts their role has not been sufficiently studied, the positive results of the PRP use in various fields of surgical medicine and in particular in the treatment of burns and ulcers of the tissue, speak of the key role being played in the growth factor and the process of tissue restoration. Despite the fact that this method has not been fully studied by ophthalmologists, it is of great interest to practising doctors, considering its potential value due to it being therapeutically effective and both simple and economic to produce. Our aim here is to give a short overview of the literature which contains descriptions of the morphological qualities of thrombocytes, to note and describe the characteristics of PRP and its role in the regeneration of tissue, to make special note of the history of the discovery of the growth factor in medico-biological science and to analyze the publications which give details of the PRP use.

The Purpose — to develop the technology and to evaluate the clinical results of personalized laser treatment of patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) in a micropulse mode with individual selection of energy parameters on the navigation system Navilas 577s. Patients and Methods. 19 patients (22 eyes) with CSC after micropulse laser treatment were analyzed. The initial best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.4 to 1.0. According to OCT, the height of the  detachment of the neurosensory retina varied from 83 to 259 microns. Retinal sensitivity of the central zone was from 20.2 to 29.7 dB. Before laser treatment were individually selected the optimal energy parameters for each patient. The treatment was performed on a Navilas 577s laser system. The follow-up were 1 and 3 months. Results. 1 month after treatment the positive dynamics of functional and anatomical results in all patients was observed. Mean BCVA increased in the group to 0.81 ± 0.04. The central retinal sensitivity raised on average in the group up to 25.7 ± 0.6 dB. After 3 months, mean BCVA was 0.96 ± 0.02. Mean central retinal sensitivity increased to 26.4 ± 0.57 dB. The study revealed a high correlation between visual acuity and the central retinal thickness (0.72) and medium correlation between foveal retinal sensitivity and central retinal thickness in fovea (0.60), respectively. The correlation among visual acuity, retinal sensitivity and the symptom’s duration of the disease is negative medium (-0.63) and significant (-0.72), respectively. Conclusions. The developed personalized technology of laser treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy with a micropulse mode with an individual selection of energy parameters on the Navilas 577s navigation system showed high clinical efficiency and safety. It has been established that in the course of the longstanding duration of the disease irreversible changes in the chorioretinal complex structure occured, thinning of the foveal photoreceptors layer leading to a decrease in the central retinal sensitivity and visual acuity, which substantiate the necessity for early and maximally functional-saving treatment.

Patients, who need cataract surgical treatment, often fail to achieve a high uncorrected visual acuity after surgery due to the concomitant astigmatism involved. Currently, surgeons are increasingly performing combined surgical interventions, including relaxing limbal keratotomic incisions (manual keratotomy) or femtoarcuatous keratotomy, as well as implanting toric intraocular lenses. In recent years, additional toric intraocular lenses have been available. Purpose: to analyze our own clinical experience of implanting an additional toric intraocular lens to correct corneal astigmatism in three clinical cases. The article presents our clinical experience of successful correction of residual corneal astigmatism after previous cataract phacoemulsification with the implantation of a monofocal toric intraocular lens in three patients patients aged 70, 61 and 54 years. In all cases, an additional toric intraocular lens Add-on Torica-sPB pre-filled in the cartridge with a good refractive effect was implanted. The uncorrected visual acuity was 1.0 in all the investigated cases at the follow-upo period of 6 months after the surgical intervention. Calculation of the toric intraocular lens optical power was performed using an online calculator. A feature of surgical intervention was the repositioning of the additional toric intraocular lens into the ciliary sulcus. Changes in the data of keratotopography before and after surgery were absent. In none of the investigated cases, intra- and postoperative complications and dislocation of the implanted additional toric intraocular lens were determined. Based on these cases, high predictability, efficacy and safety of implantation of an additional toric intraocular lens are shown, in the case of residual middle-grade corneal astigmatism after the initial cataract phacoemulsification with the toric intraocular lens implantation. This approach can be successfully used in patients during one-stage surgical treatment of cataract and associated high-grade corneal astigmatism, expanding existing protocols for the treatment of this group of patients.

Purpose: to evaluate the efficiency of vitreous floaters removal using the Nd: YAG-laser DIXION LPULSA SYL-9000 with a coaxial light splitter. Patients and Methods. The study involved 24 patients (24 eyes) with Weiss ring-type floating vitreous opacities. All patients underwent laser vitreolysis on a Nd: YAG-laser DIXION LPULSA SYL-9000 with a coaxial light splitter. Laser procedures were performed at OPTIMED Laser Recovery Center. The age of the patients was from 47 to 81 years (average 58.3 ± 8.9 years). Among the patients 15 (62.5 %) were women and 9 (37.5 %) — men. Before procedure, a complete ophthalmological examination including registration of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), autorefractometry, pneumotonometry, biomicroscopy, fundus examination, ultrasonic biometry, ultrasound B-scan was performed. Statistical processing was performed using Statistica v.10.0.0 (StatSoft®, Inc.) and Excel (Microsoft Office Professional 2016) software. The patients were observed for three months before the procedure. Follow-up examination was performed one day after the procedure. Results. After laser vitreolysis procedure all patients had a subjective vision quality improvement. In 18 (75 %) patients, floating “flies” completely disappeared. The remaining patients noted the disappearance of a large floating spot. Conclusion. The laser vitreolysis on the Nd: YAG-laser with a coaxial light splitter allows to improve the quality and visual acuity in patients with vitreous floater. The obtained results demonstrated that Nd: YAG-laser DIXION LPULSA SYL-9000 is effective and could be recommended for treatment of symptomatic vitreous floaters.

Purpose. To assess the efficacy and safety of late bleb needling to prolong the hypotensive effect after glaucoma surgery. Patients and Methods. The study included 130 patients (130 eyes) with IOP decompensation after trabeculectomy. The patients were divided into 3 groups: cystous blebs (50 eyes), incapsulated blebs (50 eyes) and biomicroscopically absent blebs that reveal intraocular fluid collections under the sclera flap during optical coherence tomography (30 eyes). All patients underwent tonometry, visometry and bleb hyperemia assessment. Results. Patients with cystous blebs showed a mean IOP reduction from 25.4 ± 3.2 mm Hg to 12.7 ± 4.5 mm Hg the day after needling. During the follow up period the mean IOP level showed a minimal fluctuation within the bounds of 13–15 mm Hg. Incapsulated blebs demonstrated a reduction from 28.9 ± 6.3 to 15.1 ± 4.3 mm Hg in the course of the first day. The following IOP fluctuations remained within a higher range, than in Group 1: 15.9–18.3 mm Hg. IOP dynamics in the visually absent bleb group had its specificts: the initial procedure led to a transient IOP increase from 24.6 ± 4.7 mm Hg to 27,6 ± 3,5 mm Hg, followed by a reduction within the first day to the level 19.4 ± 3.1 mm Hg, with further IOP fluctuations during the follow up period staying withing the range of 14.6–15.8 mm Hg. Performing bleb needling to restore trabeculectomy hypotensive efficacy had a total surgical success in 100 % patients with cystous blebs, that were formed as a result of conjunctival-scleral lesions. Incapsulated bleb needling had a 74 % total success rate and visually absent blebs with intraocular fluid collections under the flap had a 90 % total success rate within the 6 month follow up period. Conclusion. The study shows high efficacy of late needling of different blebs as an invasive measure of restoring post-trabeculectomy hypotensive effect.

Modern ophthalmological practice is inseverable linked with cosmetology and esthetic medicine. Every year, the number of patients, especially women, who received various types of cosmetology procedures (botulinum toxin injections, eyelash extensions, eyelid tattooing, dermal fillers injections, etc.) in facial area increases, in particular in the periorbital zone. Purpose: to conduct a comprehensive assessment of clinical and functional parameters characterizing the state of the ocular surface and the tear-producing system in case applying cosmetic procedures in the periorbital area (Botox injections, eyelid tattooing, eyelash extension). Patients and methods. The study included 106 women (212 eyes). Exclusion criteria: early postoperative period after ophthalmosurgical intervention, acute inflammatory diseases of anterior and posterior eye segment, glaucoma, the presence of intraocular pathological changes (hemophthalmia, detachment of the eye membranes, tumors). The average age of the patients included in the study was 36.37 ± 9.0 years. Results and discussion. The results of a comparative evaluation of two groups of patients — a group with a history of cosmetic procedures (tattooing the eyelids, botulinum toxin, dermal fillers, eyelash extensions) in the periorbital zone and patients who did not use such procedures, has showed that cosmetic procedures affect on the clinical and functional eye surfaces state and on morphofunctional state of meibomian glands. Thus, the frequency of detection of symptomocomplex of dry eye syndrome was on 36 % more often determined in the group of patients received cosmetic procedures. It has been shown that the combined effect of cosmetological procedures (tattooing the eyelids, eyelash extensions, injections of dermal fillers and botulinum toxin in the periorbital region) aggravates the course and prognosis of Dry Eye Syndrome and meibomian glands dysfunction. A direct correlation between the severity of complaints characteristic of Dry Eye Syndrome and the number of procedures was found (r = 0.4982, p = 0.0000); the frequency of detecting complaints of dryness and discomfort and the number of procedures (r = 0.6427, p = 0.0000); compression test indices and the number of procedures (r = –0.4712, p = 0.0000); the frequency of occurrence of inflammatory reactions of ocular surface and the number of procedures (r = 0.3778, p = 0.0001). The risk of tear production disturbance — dry eye syndrome and dysfunction of the meibomian glands is higher in patients using botulinum toxin injections and eyelash extension in comparison with patients using eyelid tattooing and injections of fillers with hyaluronic acid in the periorbital zone. 

There is detailed review of multi-factoral mechanisms of spectacles with peripheral defocus influence in children with progressive myopia in this article. At present local retinal mechanisms of neuro-regulatory control of eye growth are most effective in prevention of myopia development and progression. Optical correction of relative peripheral hyperopia with following peripheral myopic defocus affects the biochemical cascade from retina to choroid and sclera, which constrains an eye growth. Optical methods of myopia control, including spectacles, widely used in native and foreign ophthalmology practice. Since 2011, in Russia Perifocal-M spectacles are using, said spectacles provides bigger functionality of influence on myopic eye comparing to foreign analogues. Construction features of said spectacle lens have a complex influence on different optic-physiological eye structures and each of said structures affects refractogenesis. Perifocal spectacles takes into account specific for myopic eye features of central and peripheral refraction along horizontal and vertical meridians. They have stronger refraction in horizontal, which allows to eliminate specific optical disbalance in myopic eye and to create optical balance in the eye. Perifocal-M lens construction with asymmetric horizontal progression allows to correct relative peripheral hyperopia, to create myopic defocus in horizontal and to affect relations between refraction of nasal and temporal halves of retina. The latter is due to the fact that optical influence starts earlier and has bigger effect on nasal half of retina relative to temporal. Perifocal spectacles are inducing positive spherical aberrations in the eye, increasing accommodation functions, supporting high binocular visual acuity, improving binocular interaction during near work, fighting against heteroforias. Thus, optical features of Perifocal-M spectacles for the first time creates conditions for versatile functional influence on main myopogenic factors simultaneously, it effectively stops myopia progression.

Purpose: to evaluate, using transpalpebral rheoophthalmography (TP ROG), the effectiveness of sclera-strengthening and trophic treatment of progressive myopia with a new biologically active chitosan-containing transplant. Patients and methods. 40 children and adolescents with moderate or high progressive myopia, averagely aged 12.6 ± 0.38 years, were examined after receiving low invasive sclera-strengthening surgery on one eye with a biologically active chitosan-containing transplant. The initial refraction of the operated eye was — 6.25 ± 0.23 D, while that of the fellow eye was — 5.85 ± 0.28 D. The yearly gradient of myopia progression averaged 1.10 ± 0.04 D. Hemodynamic parameters were measured using TP ROG) prior to intervention, then 1, 6 and 12 months after intervention. At the same time points, scleral acoustic density (SAD) was determined by analyzing tissue histograms obtained with a multipurpose ultrasound device, VOLUSON 730 Pro «GE». Results. One year after sclera-strengthening treatment, a 4.4-fold reduction of myopia progression rate on the operated eye was noted, supplemented by a 2.2-fold reduction of same on the fellow eye. Stabilization of refraction was accompanied by an increase of SAD: 6 months after the surgery, SAD was averagely 19.7 conventional units higher than the original figure in the posterior pole of the operated eye, and 16.2 conventional units higher in the equatorial area. One year after the surgery, the figures were, respectively, 15.9 (p < 0.05) and 14.0 conventional units (p < 0.01). The rheographic index of TP ROG increased with regard to the initial value by 139 % after one month, by 69.8 % after 6 months, and by 34.6 % after 1 year. On fellow eyes, the index also tended to increase: by 123.3 % after 1 month, by 65.2 after 6 months, and by the end of the follow-up period it exceeded the original value by 28.7 %, which is an evidence of a pronounced trophic effect of sclera-strengthening myopia treatment with chitosan not only on the operated eye but also (to a lesser extent) on the fellow eye. Conclusion. TP ROG is an effective evaluation method of sclera-strengthening treatment of progressive myopia. This method can also be used to study eye hemodynamics in a variety of ophthalmic pathologies, including those managed in pediatric clinical practice. 

The literature review presents information about ultrasound use in diagnosis, therapeutic and surgical treatment of eye diseases. Due to experimental studies it was proved that ultrasound of different power, intensity and exposure causes thermal, mechanical and biological effect on the eye tissue. Thermal effect caused by ultrasonic energy absorption by biological tissues, which is converted from acoustic energy into thermal energy. The mechanical effect is determined by the amplitude of ultrasonic pressure acting on the eye structures during the examination. For the safety of ultrasound scanning, such concepts as thermal (TI) and mechanical (MI) indices have been introduced, which allows to control the level of acoustic impact on tissues. Ultrasound diagnosis in ophthalmology went a long way from one-dimensional echography (A-mode) to the complex scanning in real time, which allows to visualize different structural elements of the eye. Ultrasound eye examination is non-invasive and highly informative and thereby one of the main instrumental diagnosis methods in ophthalmology. Combination of images in gray scale, highly sensitive color and energy Doppler, 3D and sonoelastography to date greatly increased the diagnostic capabilities of ultrasound for simultaneous qualitative and quantitative assessment the eye and orbit in normal and pathological conditions. Therefore general ultrasonic diagnostic systems are widely used in clinical practice, with obligatory correction of TI and MI values. Recommendations of the international professional organizations such as Food and Drug Adminisration (FDA) and American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM))are widely used for the ultrasonic examination of eye pathology, according to which the lowest levels of exposure and intensity of the output acoustic signal (TI and MI) should be set to get a high-quality image. There are still a lot of clinical and experimental studies to determine the optimal modes of ultrasound eye and orbit examination. However, the safety of ultrasound and its effect on eye structures are still need to be studied.

Purpose. To assess the state of blood flow in retrobulbar vessels using the method of color Doppler imaging in thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) associated with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), malignant hypertension (MH) and catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS). Methods. The study involved 16 patients aged from 18 to 43 years with TMA associated with aHUS (13 patients), MH (2 patients) and CAPS (1 patient). All patients underwent a study of the state of blood flow in the vessels of the retrobulbar space by color Doppler imaging using a multifunctional ultrasonic diagnostic device Voluson 730 Pro and Voluson E8. The spectrum of blood flow in the ophthalmic artery (OA), central retinal artery (CRA), central retinal vein (CRV), in the medial and lateral short posterior ciliary arteries (SPCA) was recorded and the following parameters were determined: maximum systolic velocity (Vsyst), final diastolic velocity (Vdiast), peripheral resistance index (RI), pulsation index (PI). Results. The analysis of the Doppler blood flow spectrum in all patients with TMA syndrome revealed a decrease in Vsyst in the vessels of the retrobulbar space, more pronounced in the CRA, with an increase in the venous component of the Doppler spectrum. In patients with TMA associated with aHUS and MH Vdiast in the studied vessels were in normal limits or increased, RI and PI were reduced. In aHUS a statistically significant correlation was found between Vdiast in OA and the level of haptoglobin in blood serum, which is a classic marker of intravascular hemolysis. Conclusion. Color Doppler imaging of retrobulbar vessels is an important method for the diagnosis of ocular hemodynamics disorders in the syndrome of TMA. All patients with TMA syndrome are characterized with a decrease in the systolic component of the Doppler spectrum of blood flow in the vessels of the retrobulbar space, especially in the CRA, with an increase in the venous component. With aHUS and MH diastolic blood flow in the retrobulbar vessels corresponds to the norm or increases, RI and PI decrease. In TMA associated with aHUS, the final diastolic velocity of blood flow in OA depends on the level of microvascular  hemolysis.

Cytokines are polypeptides which are produced by a broad range of cells of the body. They play a key role in the formation and regulation of protective reactions. The researchers attempt to find predictors for the development of exudative-inflammatory reaction after surgery. It led to study of the eyes immunological status. It is known that a change of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines balance leads to the blood-ocular barrier dysfunction that increases the inflammatory reaction. It is interesting the blood-ocular barrier has already damaged in diabetic patients. The paper examines the epidemiology, pathogenesis and possible methods of prevention the postoperative cystoid macular edema, presents investigations describing the change in the local cytokine status in patients with diabetes and the association between cytokines concentrations and the severity of diabetic retinopathy. The manuscript has shown possibilities of multiplex analysis, emphasized the features of individual cytokines and angiogenic factors, highlighted cytokines as predictors of macular edema after cataract surgery. The study of the cytokines role in the development of ophthalmic pathology led to the creation the new pathogenetically oriented eye diseases therapy. Further studies of the cytokine status in patients with macular edema after phacoemulsification are needed to determine the possible treatment methods.

This literature review is devoted to modern problems of hypertensive retinopathy with arterial hypertension, as well as hypertensive retinopathy in combination diseases. The latest world studies were analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the clinical disease characteristics at the present stage with the analysis of the arterio-venous ratio, optic nerve edema (with high blood pressure figures) using an automated system, vector analysis, suggesting a new arteriovenous classification, called Web Integration (Wivern). The modern pathogenesis of hypertensive retinopathy, namely the ratio of proangiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors, the role of inflammation (C-reactive protein), the role of endothelin-1, endostatin, interleukin-8 (IL-8), and the main fibroblast growth factor (bFGF ), angiogenin and uric acid. The special importance of fundus registration is reflected with the help of the newest equipment at high figures of arterial pressure in patients with hypertensive retinopathy. It is known that according to the World Health Organization (WHO), mortality rate from cardiovascular diseases is 31 %. Hypertension is the main risk factor for coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, kidney disease and early death. Questions of eye blood flow in hypertensive angioretinopathy in patients with arterial hypertension (AH) are covered. Hypertensive retinopathy (HR) is a retinal disease that is caused by a prolonged increase blood pressure (BP) and leads to a decrease in vision. The data of pathophysiology are analyzed (arterial hypertension (AH) leads to thickening of the vessels of the inner membrane (intima), to thickening of the medial membrane (media) — hyperplasia of the muscular tissue followed by hyaline degeneration with the development of sclerotic changes). The questions of modern diagnostics with retinal morphological status evaluation (OCT), detection of eye fundus condition with newest fundus camers, pathogenetic aspects are discussed. This review will help to prevent the development of more severe forms of hypertensive retinopathy. This information will allow us to identify the most significant indicators in the early diagnosis of hypertension angioretinopathy.

The clinical and laboratory picture of acute infectious conjunctivitis has undergone significant changes in the last few years. This circumstance, apparently, is associated with the appearance of a large number of both eye and systemic forms of antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, immunocorrecting drugs and their widespread use, often without establishing an etiological factor of inflammation. The objective of our work was to propose a scheme of rational empirical therapy of acute infectious conjunctivitis, based on the potential of modern ophthalmopharmacology; and to study the etiological spectrum and features of the clinical picture of the above diseases, thereupon correcting the proposed scheme according to the obtained data. Material and methods. A retrospective analysis of over 20,000 outpatient charts of patients with acute inflammation of the conjunctiva and a prospective examination of 275 patients with acute infectious conjunctivitis was carried out. The method of polymerase chain reaction (quantitative and qualitative) was used to identify the genetic material of the pathogen in scrapings from the conjunctiva, the oropharynx and the nasopharynx. Results. The data of the retrospective analysis has shown that when the symptoms indicated acute infectious conjunctivitis, the actual diagnosis of an ophthalmologist was adenoviral conjunctivitis. There were no other nosological forms with the type of pathogen recorded in outpatient charts. The peak incidence was in the winter-spring period, with the highest number of cases in 2011 and 2013 (1509 and 1482 respectively). Results of the prospective study showed the leading role of adenoviruses (20 % of cases), hemophilic rod (18 % of cases) and pneumococcus (12 % of cases) in the development of acute inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eye. As a concomitant infection, the bacteria of the staphylococcus group were found most often. The spectrum of the revealed pathology confirmed the validity of the selected empirical therapy. Conclusion. The results of the study allow us to recommend the prescription of three groups of drugs (antibiotic, antiviral, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) in the treatment of acute infectious conjunctivitis. 

Objectives: to perfom analysis of the clinical efficacy and safety of using monofocal IOLs in the surgical treatment of cataracts in adult patients. Material and methods. In available sources (databases of the Cochrane Library and Medline) a search was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of using monofocal IOLs in cataract surgery in adult patients according to the PICO(S) regimen. A literature review was conducted in July 2018 for the keywords “intraocular lenses” and “cataract” using the following filters: clinical trial, randomized clinical trial, meta-analysis, systematic review (clinical trial, randomized clinical trial, meta-analysis, systematic review). Posting languages: English. Depth of search — 5 years. Last search date is July 27, 2018. Results. An initial search in the Medline database found 21,737 publications and 2157 in the Cochrane Library database. A total of 17,894 links were found. In a meta-analysis Zhao Y. et al., 2017, a comparison of the incidence of opacities of the posterior capsule (secondary cataract) after surgical treatment with the implantation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic IOLs was made. In multicenter retrospective cohort study Ursell P., et al, 2018 assessed the frequency of the Nd: YAG-laser capsulotomy for the treatment of secondary cataract which developed after the implantation of the IOL within the first 3 years after surgery. Conclusion. During the systematic review, the relationship between the incidence of complications (secondary cataracts) and the properties of the IOL material was found. The implantation of lenses from a hydrophobic material is associated with a lower incidence of secondary cataracts than the implantation of lenses from a hydrophilic material.

The frequency and structure of ophthalmopathology in workers of the Novokuznetsk Metallurgical Combine (NMC) have been studied. In total 1911 workers of NMC have been examined. The control group comprised 1801 people working in hazardous industrial conditions. The experimental group consisted of employees dealing with management, engineering center, accounting (110 people). Their work was not connected with the impact of unfavorable factors of metallurgical production. In the control group, the hazard classes ranged from 3.2 to 3.4. The difference between the classes of hazard impact consisted in an increase of the intensity of the hazardous factors exposure. In the structure of conjunctival diseases we have diagnosed chronic conjunctivitis (198.3 ‰), chronic blepharoconjunctivitis (109.4 ‰), pinguecula (266.7 ‰) and pterygium (7.2 ‰) in metallurgical workers. Pengucules in the control group of workers was not only more often than in engineers, but also larger, often located in the inner and outer corner of the eye, and was detected in workers under 30–35 years. The workers of the main shops suffered more severely from the function of tear production and the stability of the pre-corneal tear film. The miners suffered from the highest frequency of cataract development — 301 ‰. Thus, a high incidence of inflammatory and dystrophic diseases of the eyelids and conjunctiva, cataracts in metallurgy has been established. An increase in the frequency of ophthalmopathology was noted with an increase in the length of service under harmful conditions of metallurgical production. The authors suggest the term “metallurgy ophthalmopathy”, which includes manifestations of chronic conjunctivitis and / or blepharoconjunctivitis against the background of unstable precorneal film and frequent formation of posterior-subcapsular opacities of the lens.